Sociolect

• Labov's New York study (1966)


  Rhotic /r/
• Malcom Petyt, Bradford (1985)


  H dropping
• Usage of regional features

  • Diminishes as social class increases
• Those that have moved from WC to MC

  • Modified speech towards RP - hypercorrection
• Trudgill, Norwich (1974)


  G dropping
• Less variation/ use of non-standard forms


  • Higher up social ladder
• 1. dropping


  • Decreases as situation becomes more formal
• Women


  • Over reported use of standard forms
• Men


  • Over reported non-standard use
• Cheshire, Reading (1982)


  Adolescent's speech and frequency of 8 on-standard grammatical features
• Group A (girls)


  • Didn't adhere with delinquent subculture
• Group B (girls)


  • Did adhere with delinquent subculture
• Group 1 (boys)


  • Accepted delinquent norms the most
• Group 2+3 (boys)


  • Next most accepted delinquent norms
• Group 4 (boys)


  • Didn't accept delinquent norms at all
• Generally


  • The group that identified with the vernacular subculture the most, used the most non-standard forms
• Non-standard 's'


  • Had very dramatic jumps signifies how they're associated with delinquency
• Labov Martha's Vineyard (1963)


  /au/ /ai/ diphthongs
• Fishermen


  • Centralize /au/ +/ai/ more than other groups
• Islanders


  • Subconsciously adopt similar pronunciation to fisherman to diverge from that of non-natives (west islanders)
• Fishermen


  • Embody admired traditional values
• Bernstein: elaborated + restricted codes


  Tried to explain why WC children didn't perform as well as MC children in written subjects
• Elaborated


  More formally correct syntax, logical connectives, conveys facts + abstract ideas, more original
• Restricted


  Looser with more subordinate clauses, simple connective, conveys attitude + feeling, more cliché
• Eckert, Detroit (1989)


  Influence of communities of practice on language
• Speakers


  • Tend to speak similarly to those that share social practices + values- basically others within the same community of practice
• Lesley Milroy's Belfast study


  /th/ /a/, looked at communities in Clonard, Hammer + Ballymacarret, gave a network strength score of 1(open) - 5 (dense + multiplex)
• In some areas


  • Men used more non-standard forms, also had denser networks
• Generally


  • Higher frequency of non-standard forms indicated a denser network/ higher score
• Emma Moore


  Use of non-standard 'were' in teen girls (4 groups) in Bolton
• An open network (familial ties in Bolton)


  • Can increase use of non-standard were
• 4/14 geeks


  • Used non-standard were, all had at least 1 parent born in Bolton
• 3/14 populars


  • Didn't use non-standard were, all MC
• Drummond's Manchester study (2014-2015)


  Negative views on young people's speech is based off of overheard conversations rather than in other contexts (interview)
• Ethnolects


  Code switching in English and Punjabi speakers
• Use of language


  • To create distinct social identity, also to exclude others (freshies)
• Possible influence


  • Of media + pop culture
• Drummond's research into Polish speakers in Manchester (2012)

  What extent they acquired features of a Manchester accent + social factors that can influence it
• Use of /ingk/


  • Wasn't due to how well they spoke English but if they planned on returning to Poland
• Use of /ingk/


  • A way of performing ethnic identity