INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• 1. An-

  Not or against
• Phylaxis


  Protection or guarding
• Ecto-


  Outer or outside
• Hyper-


  Too much or Excessive
• Hypo-


  Too little or below normal
• Peri-


  Around or Surrounding
• Pro-


  Before or in front
• Trans-


  Through and Across
• • cyte


  A cell
• • emia


  Blood condition
• Functions of Epithelium


  • Cover organs and the body
  • Line body cavities
  • Line hollow organs
  • Have a free surface
  • Have a basement membrane
  • Are avascular
  • Cells readily divide
  • Cells tightly packed
  • Cells often have desmosomes
  • Function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion
  • Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers

  
• Simple Squamous


  A single layer of flat cells, substances pass easily through, line air sacs, line blood vessels, line lymphatic vessels
• Simple Cuboidal


  Single layer of cube-shaped cells, line kidney tubules, cover ovaries, line ducts of some glands
• Simple Columnar


  Single layer of elongated cells, nuclei usually near the basement, sometimes possess cilia or microvilli, often have goblet cells, line uterus, stomach, intestines
• Transitional


  Many cell layers, cube-shaped and elongated cells, line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
• Connective Tissues


  • Most abundant tissue type, many functions: bind structures, provide support and protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infections, help repair tissue damage, have an extracellular matrix, have varying degrees of vascularity, have cells that usually divide
• Three types of muscle tissue


  • Skeletal muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
• Nervous Tissue


  Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, functional cells are neurons, neuroglial cells support and bind nervous tissue components, involved in sensory reception and conduction of nerve impulses
• Integumentary System


  Consists of the skin and its accessory structures including the hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

  
• Functions of Skin

  • Protects against invasion by bacteria, protects delicate cells beneath the surface from injury, produces a protective pigmentation, helps produce the body's supply of Vitamin D, regulates body temperature, provides sensations
• Layers of the Skin

  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Subcutaneous Tissue
• Epidermis


  Consists of Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Germinativum or Basale
• Dermis


  Beneath the epidermis, composed of connective tissue, contains the lymphatics, nerves, nerve endings, blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands, elastic fibers, and hair follicles

  
• Two Layers of the Dermis

  • Papillary Layer
  • Reticular Layer
• Subcutaneous Tissue


  Composed of adipose and connective tissue, supports, nourishes, insulates, and cushions the skin
• Hair


  A threadlike structure formed by a group of cells that develop within a hair follicle or socket, has a pilomotor muscle that can contract to cause goose flesh, has a hair papilla at the base that provides nourishment and is responsible for hair growth
• Parts of the Hair

  • Cuticle
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
• Sebaceous Gland


  Oil glands that secrete sebum to lubricate the hair and skin, amount of secretion varies with age, puberty, and pregnancy

  
• Nails


  Fingernails and toenails are hard keratin structures, the nail root or germinal matrix begins several millimeters into the finger and extends to the edge of the white, crescent-shaped lunula, the cuticle or eponychium fuses the nail plate and skin, the hyponychium creates a waterproof barrier under the free edge of the nail
• Sudoriferous Gland


  Sweat glands that produce sweat or perspiration, about 2 million distributed over the body, more numerous on the palms, soles, forehead, and underarms, sweat evaporates to create a cooling effect and rids the body of waste

  
• Skeleton


  The dried up body, consists of the Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton
• Functions of Bones


  • Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Blood Cell Formation
• Two Basic Types of Bone Tissues

  • Compact Bone
  • Spongy Bone
• Classification of Bones by Shape

  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bone

  
• Anatomy of Long Bone

  Diaphysis/Shaft, Periosteum, Epiphysis, Articular Cartilage, Epiphyseal Plate, Epiphyseal Line, Medullary Cavity, Perforating/Sharpey's Fibers, Arteries, Endosteum
• Categories of Bone Markings

  • Projection/Process
  • Depression/Cavity
• Bones of the Axial Skeleton

  • Skull
  • Hyoid Bone
  • Vertebral Column
  • Thoracic Cage

  
• The Skull


  Two sets of bones: cranium & facial bones, joined by sutures, only the mandible is freely movable

  
• Braincase Bones

  • Frontal
  • Parietals
  • Temporals
  • Occipital
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
• Foramen Ovale


  A large oval opening that allows fibers of cranial nerve V to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw