PHILO

• Freedom


  • The ability to make choices and perform those choices
  • The ability to be what we want and to decide create oneself
• Freewill


  Our free will allows us to decide on things we do depending on the situation
• Kinds of freedom

  • Physical freedom
  • Psychological freedom
  • Moral freedom
• Physical freedom


  The absence of any physical restraint. The person has the freedom of mobility to go where he or she wants to go
• Psychological freedom


  Also called the freedom of choice. The person is free to perform actions that he or she considers right and wise. No outside force or influence can compel a person to take action against his or her will
• Moral freedom


  Refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness. Freedom is not an object that a person may use in whatever way he or she pleases
• Two elements that define freedom

  • Voluntariness
  • Responsibility
• Voluntariness


  The ability of a person to act of his or her own free will and self-determination
• Responsibility


  Refers to the person being accountable for his or her action and their consequences
• Important factors to consider in the exercise of freedom

  • Prudence
  • Self-reflection
• Prudence


  The ability to govern and discipline oneself with the use of reasons; it is having caution and giving good judgements in making decisions
• Self-reflection


  Allows us to be more rational in making choices, because sometimes human beings tend to be slaves by their emotions and moods wherever they act certain things
• Beneficial manner freedom


  • With control and reasonable limits
  • With regard to knowledge and truth
  • To uphold the freedom of others
• Intersubjectivity


  Relationships among subjects (supported by genuine communication founded on mutual respect as subjects and co-presence)
• Co-presence


  The openness of one's presence to the presence of the other
• 1. Thou relationship


  Summons each self-consciousness to treat one another not as an object but as a subject as THOU and not as IT
• Intentionality


  The "fundamental property of consciousness" where it stands for something familiar to us all: a characteristic feature of our mental states and experiences, especially evident in what we commonly call being "conscious" or "aware"
• Death


  • The end of bodily functions
  • The separation of body and spirit
• Understandings of the "end of life"

  • End as Terminus - "full stop" or "end of a line". Life ends and nothing follows
  • End as Telos - "goal, purpose, or fulfillment". Although we are oriented towards our death, death is not the goal of life but to live a meaningful life, to be virtuous, and achieve excellence
• Happiness


  A state of being (over all physical condition of a person), not just only an emotion or a decision
• Kinds of good

  • Noble good
  • Useful good
  • Pleasurable good
• Noble good


  One which is pursued for its own sake, example is love and friendship
• Useful good


  Found only from what it can provide, example, money is good as it can buy you something
• Pleasurable good


  Good so long as it provides some form of pleasure, though it does not have to be physical
• The paradox of death: '"Since the day of my birth, my death began its walk. It is walking towards me, without hurrying"'
• Views on death

  • Materialist - Believes that a human person is nothing but a material entity. They believe that when the body dies, nothing exists after it
  • Spiritual - Unity of Body and Soul
• Atomists


  Believes that the disintegration of the atoms during man's death gives rise to the formation of other entities. The Atoms that previously belonged to one body will eventually become part of other entities in the world
• Plato's view


  A human person is composed of body and soul. In fact for him a human person is a soul in body. So when the body dies, the soul continues to live
• Eastern views on death

  • Hindus - Believes in the existence of the eternal soul. For them, when a human person dies the atman (human soul) either reincarnated to other being is or reunited with Brahman (the supreme being) depending on his/her own state of mind
  • Buddhist - Do not believe in the existence of the permanent soul of the Hindus. They believe that just like anything in the world a human person is impermanent. For them to believe in the permanent and eternal soul is a product of ignorance and ignorance is the root cause of human suffering