Hope

• Panic


  "The worse enemy of any emergency situation". It makes a bad situation worse, as this spreads to others as well. It does not allow one to think.
• Danger (D)


  Always check the danger and source of injury. Make sure the surroundings are safe and out of danger, otherwise, you will also be a victim.
• Response/Responsiveness (R)


  • Can the casualty hear your voice?
  • Can they open and close their eyes?
  • Are there any movements?
  • Do they respond to touch?
• Send (S)


  Send or shout for help.
• Airway (A)


  If the person is not responding and is unconscious, check airway by opening the mouth and having a look inside.
• Breathing (B)


  Make sure the victim is breathing by listening to exhales, and feeling air coming out of the mouth or nose.
• Circulation/Compression/Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) (C)


  If an adult is unconscious, no pulse, and not breathing, perform the CPR until the medics arrive.
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)


  Life-saving technique that is administrated when breathing and heartbeat of a person stopped, such as during a heart attack and drowning.
• Steps in Administering CPR

  1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface

  2. Locate hand position for compression by drawing an imaginary line from armpit to center for hand placement

  3. Place heel of one hand on the lower part of breastbone

  4. Put other hand over the first, interlacing your fingers for support

  5. With straight arms and shoulder positioned over the victim's chest, push down. For adult victims, push it down at least 2 inches or 5 cm deep

  6. Give 30 compressions in 18 seconds or less, let chest rise completely between compressions

  7. Give two rescue breaths

  8. Repeat cycle until help arrives or any signs of movement
• First Aid


  Administration of care to prevent deterioration of the victim, to aid recovery and preserve life.
• Common Injuries and Illnesses in the Outdoors


  • Cuts, Scrapes and Punctures
  • Sprains, Strains, and Fractures
  • Concussions
  • Blisters
  • Burns or Scalds
• Cuts, Scrapes and Punctures


  Can be caused from climbing, cutting self from a knife and stumbling.
• To treat cuts, scrapes and punctures


  1. Clean cuts with soap and water then apply antibiotic cream then cover with sterile bandage and secure using medical tape

  2. If bleeding, apply direct pressure using a clean cloth

  3. If wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb above the heart to help slow down bleeding

  4. Do not apply tourniquet unless bleeding is sever and does not stop even with direct pressure
• Emergency must be called immediately if:
• Sprains


  Involve the stretching of ligaments. Usually occurs when a joint is overextended from usual range of motion.
• Strain


  Twisting or pulling of a muscle or tendon. Usually happens when a muscle is stretched and suddenly contract such as when one is running or jumping.
• Categories of Sprain and Strain according to its Severity


  • Grade 1 - Mild that involves minor tearing of a ligament or muscle
  • Grade 2 - Involves partial tearing of the ligament or muscle
  • Grade 3 - Severe injury that involves complete tearing of ligament or muscle
• Grade 1 and 2 sprains and strains


  May be treated with rest, ice pack, compression, and elevation (RICE)
• Grade 3 sprains and strains


  May need further immobilization to hasten the healing process
• Rest (R)


  Helps limit movement that can worsen the injury
• Ice (I)


  Helps reduce swelling and help stop any bleeding. (Heat has opposite effect)
• Compression (C)


  Applying pressure to the area or wrapping a cloth or bandage to help stop the bleeding
• Elevation (E)


  Raising the injured area above the rest of the body as a way to reduce swelling
• Immediately call help if:
• While waiting for help with fractures


  1. Immobilize the area of injury until help arrives or until person is brought to the hospital

  2. Make sure to clean and dress cuts before splinting

  3. If bleeding, apply pressure with clean cloth until bleeding stops. If bone is pushing through the skin, do not touch

  4. Gently tape the dislocated area or fracture to a rolled-up newspaper, ruler, or a rolled piece of clothing with first aid tape

  5. Avoid moving injured limb and never force it or try to twist it back to place
• Concussions


  Traumatic brain injury that is often caused by a blow or bump to the head or body. Cuts and bruises may be seen on the head or face. Some lost consciousness or forget what happened before the injury.
• Treating concussions


  1. Treat cuts

  2. Apply ice or compress if no ice is available

  3. Rest until symptoms disappear
• Call immediate help if:
• Blisters


  Result of ill-fitting footwear. Seen among hikers and trekkers. Blisters can be painful and may cause discomfort.
• Treating blisters


  1. Place piece of adhesive over affected area

  2. Doughnut-shaped moleskin helps when blisters are at the bottom of foot

  3. If blister have popped, wash area with soap and water then put antibiotic cream

  4. If absolutely necessary, drain a blister with sterilized needle into the side of the blister. Apply with antibacterial solution and cover with gauze dressing and tape
• Burns or Scalds


  Injuries on the skin caused by hot liquid or heat.
• Treating first degree burns


  1. Put affected area under running water or immerse in cool water until pain subsides. If no running water, apply compress

  2. Cover with sterile, non-adhesive bandage, or clean cloth

  3. Do not apply butter or ointments, which can cause infection
• Treating second degree burns


  1. Immerse in cool water for 10-15 minutes

  2. Do not apply ice, can lower body temperature and may cause further damage

  3. Do not break blister or apply butter or ointment

  4. Protect burn with sterile, nonstick bandage, and secure with gauze or tape

  5. To prevent shock, let person lie flat and elevate feet for 12 inches high and elevate burn area about heart level and cover the person with coat or blanket
• Jellyfish/ Portuguese Man-of-War/ Fire Corals


  When stung you will experience swelling, burning and severe pain.
• Treating jellyfish, Portuguese Man-of-War, and fire coral stings


  1. Get the person out of the water

  2. Wash the area with seawater to deactivate stinging cells

  3. Rinse area with vinegar for at least 30 seconds

  4. Soak area in hot water for at least 20 minutes. Cold packs can be an alternative

  5. Use mild hydrocortisone cream or oral antihistamine to relieve itching and swelling
• Bring nearest medical facility if the person exhibits severe allergic reaction or if sting covers more than half an arm or leg.
• Sea Urchin/ Weever Fish


  Sea urchin puncture and weever fish stings are treated in a similar way.
• Treating sea urchin and weever fish stings


  1. Remove large spines carefully with tweezers

  2. Scrub wound with soap and rinse with fresh water

  3. Do not close the wound with tape
• Call for urgent medical attention if several allergic reactions are observed.
• Stingray


  A type of fish that has large, flat belly and a long tail with spines on it are used to sting other animals.