Electrochemistry

• Metals are good conductors of both heat and electricity because they have free electrons that can move around the metal lattice
• Metals are malleable as their shape can change
• Metals are ductile as they can be drawn into wires
• Most metals are soft but can be hardened
• Au (high reduction potential) is very unreactive
• Na (very low negative charge) is the most reactive element in the group 1 of the periodic table
• Many transition metals form both ionic and covalent bonds
• Metals are active sites in enzymes and O2 carriers in hemoglobin
• Metals are important as industrial catalyst
• Transition metals have variable oxidation states, which allows them to act as redox agents
• What is the isolation and purification process of metals?

  Clean ore, heat at high temp, reduce oxide in furnace, additional bottom purification
• Electron configuration of transition metals have full or partially filled d subshells to form lots of valence electrons orbitals to form bonds
• what are valence electrons

  electrons that located in the outermost electron shell of an atom.
• In neutral atoms (uncharged species) (n-1) d is lower energy than ns
• Transition metals and their ions act as lewis acids (e- pair acceptors)
• What are ligands

  Lewis bases that donate e- pairs to the transition metals
• What are transition metals?

  neutral atoms that never have more than two electrons in the outermost n subshell
• All transition metals in period 4 (Sc through Zn) have no more than two electrons in the 4's subshell
• Any cation of a t-metal with a charge of +2 or higher has only d electrons in the outer (valence) shell
• What is the electron configuration of Chromium

  [Ar] 4s¹ 3d⁵
• What is the electron configuration of copper

  [Ar] 4s¹ 3d¹⁰
• How do you calculate the overall charge on a complex?

  oxidation state of metal + charge on ligands
• What is the ligand charge of F, Cl, Br, CN, and OH

  -1
• What is the ligand charge of CO3


  -2
• What is the ligand charge of CO, NH3, H2O

  0
• Filled electron shells are usually unstable
• A metal complex is formed when a metal cation forms a coordinate covalent bond to ligand atoms, ions, or molecules
• Molecular anions containing electronegative atoms (O, N, S, or P) with lone pairs are likely to be metal ligands
• Small molecules containing electronegative atoms (O, N, S, or P) with lone pairs are likely to be metal ligands
• Atomic or molecular cations, atoms with low electronegativity, and neutral atoms without lone pairs are less likely to be ligands
• What are nanoelectrofuel flow battery?


  Reagents are colloidal suspensions of solids in water to achieve higher energy density. Spent fluid can be recharged by electrolysis
• Oxidizes ore in air to drive off some impurities and for metal oxides
• Reduce in blast furnace to impure metal using CO as a reducing agent
• Further purification to get adequate purity, Fe - lower C content by burning off as CO2 and Cu - electrometallurgy
• Electron configuration of T metals: Neutral read from the periodic table, with the exception of promoting a ns e- to (n-1)d to get half-filled or full (n-1)d
• Cations (+) remove ns before (n-1)d
• Shapes coordinate numbers for 2,4, and 6

  2: linear, 4: tetrahedral and square planner, 6: octahedral
• What are polydentate ligands?

  Can donate more than 1 e- pair at the same time
• monodentate: 1 pair/ligand
• bidentate: 2 pair/ligand