Reciprocity: - Responding to an action of another, where an action elicits a response. They are similar, but not identical. - Jaffe – a kind of ‘conversation’ where babies move in a rhythm with the adult. - Brazelton – Refers to this process as a “dance”. Rhythm allows caregiver to anticipate an infant’s behaviour and respond. This is the foundation to attachment.
Interactional Synchrony
Mirroring another in terms of facial and body movements, as well as imitating emotions
Interactional Synchrony
Key study - Meltzoff and Moore 1977
Controlled observation
An adult model displayed 1 of 3 facial expressions or hand movements
A dummy was placed in the baby's mouth during this display
After removal of the dummy, the baby's response was filmed
Behavioural Categories
Mouth opening
Termination of mouth opening
Tongue protrusion
Termination of tongue protrusion
Found an association between infant behaviour and adult model
Same findings occurred in 3 day old infants
Real or Pseudo Imitation: Piaget- true imitation developed towards the end of the 1st year. Anything before is ‘response training’. They repeat rewarded behaviour (e.g. a smile). Believes it is Pseudo. Murray and Trevarthen support Meltzoff. Played tapes of mothers interacting with children. When infants did not get a response they showed acute distress. Infants actively tried to elicit a response from mother. Supports idea behaviour is innate.