M2

• Learning Theory


  A coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn
• Psychology provides alternative theories and perspectives on how learning occurs and what motivates people to learn and change
• Health professionals, including nurses must demonstrate that they regularly employ sound methods and a clear rationale in their education efforts, patient and family interactions, staff management and training, and continuing education and health promotion programs
• Types of Learning Theories


  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive
  • Social
  • Psychodynamic
  • Humanistic
• Learning


  A change in the behavior (SKA) that can be observed or measured and that can occur at any time or in any place as a result of exposure to environmental stimuli
• Defense Mechanism


  Employed to protect the self when an individual's ego is threatened; short term use is a way of coming to grips with reality, but long term reliance allows individuals to avoid reality and may act as a barrier to learning and transfer
• Hierarchy of Needs


  Theory of human motivation based on integrated wholeness of the individual and levels of satisfaction of basic human needs organized by potency
• Respondent Conditioning


  Also termed Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning. Emphasizes the importance of stimulus condition and the associations formed in the learning process, whereby, without thought or awareness, learning takes place when a newly conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with a conditioned response (CR)
• Behaviorist


  • Learning is a permanent change in behavior
  • Stimulus-response
• Behaviorist (Reinforcement theorists)


  • Stimulus-response bonds are strengthened by reinforcement such as rewards & punishments
  • Behavior that is rewarded is more likely to occur
• Operant Conditioning


  1. To increase the probability of a response

  2. To decrease/extinguish the probability of a response
• Positive Reinforcement


  Reward Conditioning
• Negative Reinforcement


  Escape Conditioning
• Punishment

  Punish the behavior not the person
• Avoidance Conditioning


  Ex. Stomach ache to avoid the teacher
• Information Processing Model


  1. Attention

  2. Processing

  3. Memory Storage

  4. Action
• Social Learning Theory


  • Role modelling is the central concept
  • Attentional Phase
  • Retention Phase
  • Reproduction Phase
  • Motivational Phase
• Psychodynamic Learning Theory


  • Emphasizes the importance of conscious & unconscious forces in guiding behavior, personality conflicts, & the enduring effects of childhood experience
• Humanistic Learning Theory


  • Largely a motivational theory