Industrial and post industrial britain

• Characteristics of rational recreation

  - Respectability - Non-violent and emphasis on sportsmanship

  - Regional/national/regular play - Competitive, played regionally, nationally and internationally

  - Stringent administration and codification - Complex rules set by NGBs

  - Referees/officials - Enforce new rules

  - Purpose built facilites - Constructed grounds, pitches or tracks

  - Skill/tactics based - Positional roles, trained to improve tactical awareness
• Industrial revolution
• Negative effects of Industrial revolution on sports and pastimes

  - Migration of lower classes into urban areas to look for work leading to lack of space

  - Lack of leisure time - 12 hour days, 6 days a week, the sabbath

  - Lack of income - Little spare income for leisure pursuits

  - Poor healh - Poor working and living conditions, lack of hygiene, no energy for sport

  - Loss of rights - Mob games/blood sports banned

  - Lack of public provision - No private facilities and no personal equipment for lower class
• HITFOR


  H - Poor health and hygiene

  I - Lack of income

  T - Lack of time

  F - Facility provision was lacking

  O - Overcrowding and lack of space

  R - Loss of rights
• Positive effects of Industrial revolution on sports and pastimes

  - Health and hygiene improved - improvement in living conditions, provision of public baths to improve cleanliness and stop disease enabling willingness to participate in sport

  - Gradual increase in wages and more time for sport - Factory acts and Saturday half day

  - Middle class - Sport became more acceptable and played to high moral code

  - Influence of ex public schoolboys - setting up teams and provided facilities

  - The values of athleticism spread to the lower class

  - Industrial patronage led to provision - factory teams, sporting facilities provided decreasing absenteeism and encouraged loyalty in workforce

  - Improvements in transport and communications - leagues and fixtures and results published in newspaper

  - Cheaper to travel - participation in sport and spectating became more available
• GIMICHIT

  G - Gradual increase in wages and more time for sport

  I - Influence of ex public school boys

  M - Middle class

  I - Industrial patronage led to provision

  C - Cheaper to travel

  H - Health and hygiene improved

  I - Improvement in transport and communication

  T - The values of athleticism spread to the lower class
• Features of urbanisation


  - Lack of space - development of purpose built facilities

  - Large working class population - needed entertaining resulting in mass spec numbers

  - Loss of traditional sports - mob games banned

  - Change in working conditions - as situation improved, sports attendance among working class went up
• Transport revolution


  - Movement of team/specs

  - Improved access to different parts of the country

  - Cheaper train travel

  - Improved access to the countryside
• Communications


  - Improved literacy

  - Printed media increased sport awareness

  - Emergance of role models
• Influence of the church

  - Encouraged social control - diverted from less socially acceptable behaviours

  - Provided venues for improving the morality of working class

  - Good way of promoting christian values - clergy viewed sport as a good way to increase church attendance

  - Approval of clergy - encouraged working classes to take part in sports

  - Organised teams - set up clubs and competitions

  - Provided facilities
• Emergance of middle class


  - Codification - development of strict rules, school boys controlled sport and became key organisers enabling them to form and run clubs and NGBs

  - Competitions - leagues and competitions were developed via middle class involvement in public school/unis/clubs/NGBs/factory teams/church teams

  - Public provision - public facilities were developed by philanthropists, factory owners and the curch

  - Increased leisure time - factory owners gave workers more time to participate or watch sport

  - Move to professionalism - aided development of early commercial/professional sport
• British empire (ex public school boys and uni old boys)

  - As teachers they developed teams and taught sporting values

  - As industrialists/factory owners they set up teams and gave off time to play competitive sports

  - As clergy they developed church teams or became missonaries and took sport abroad

  - As officers in british army they used sport with armed forces and spread sport through empire

  - As diplomats they travelled the world and took sport with them

  - They formed NGBs which codified sports
• Public provisions and its influence on the development of rational recreation

  - Development of public baths influenced opportunities for working class rational recreation

  - Local authorities applied grants to provide public washing facilites to working class
• Development of national governing bodies

  - Sport became increasingly popular

  - More teams and club formed

  - Leagues and competitions were required for these teams to compete in

  - Nationally agreed rules and codification were required to enable fair comp

  - Maintainence of amateur ideal to deal with professionalism and early commercialisation of sport and desire to maintain control of sport among middle and upper class

  ​
• Amateurism and professionalism


  Amateur code - Focuses on sport as being purely for enjoyment

  Professional code - Places more emphasis on winning
• Characteristics of amateur in nineteenth century

  - Came from public school/uni background

  - High status/social position in society and sport

  - Wealthy and didnt need financial compensation to participate in sport

  - Lots of free time

  - Viewed sports participation as good for character building

  - Played lots of sport

  - Played sports to a high moral code
• Characteristics of professional in nineteenth century

  - State education background

  - Low social status/position in society and sport

  - Little wealth and little income

  - Little free time

  - Specialised in single sport

  - Played sport with a low level of morality
• Key features of early twentieth century amateurs

  - High status

  - Controllers of sport

  - Highly moral
• Key features of modern day amatuerism


  - Tend to be of the lower status

  - Some high level performers are not professional yet

  - Blurring of amateur and professional distinctions

  - Performance at the top level in most sports is open to all

  - Some amateurs recieve finance to pay for training expenses
• Positives of modern day amateurism

  - Amateur code still evident in British sport via fair play and sportsmanship.

  - Viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways e.g. shaking hands and Olympic ideals.

  - Codes of conduct e.g. calling the referee 'Sir' in rugby.
• Modern day professionalism


  - All classes can compete

  - People are now respected for their talents and efforts

  - High rewards through media and sponsorship

  - Celebrity status

  - Money invested into sports enables events and sports themselves to operate commercially

  - More time to train

  - Positive role models
• Rationalisation and development of association football

  - Urbanisation - Large captive audience, lack of space lead to purpose built facilities

  - More leisure time - Less time in factory meant more time to watch and play football

  - More disposable income - enough money for spectating and transport to matches

  - Improved transport - development of trains enabling fans to spectate away matches and increased regularity of matches

  - Increased professionalism - opportunities to play football professionally as a job gradually increased

  ​
• explain the characteristics of lawn tennis?


  -played regularly as players had more time

  -middle class development due to involvement in creation of clubs/NGB

  -highly structured/skills/tactics due to the rationalisation of tennis

  -equipment and facilities available to play for example played in suburban gardens/ manufacturing of equipment for purchase

  -social game, meant that both sexes could play together as it was considered a suitable activity for females -rules produced to help standardise the game
• Describe the factors that led to the growth and development of lawn tennis from the mid 19th century to the current day


  -Invented by middle class: it was a middle-class invention as an affordable alternative to real tennis, which set the middle class apart from the working class and led to private clubs developing for participation.

  -played by middle class: it was played in middle-class suburban gardens on lawns big enough to house private tennis courts

  -organised by the middle class: they had the organisational skills needed to form their own private clubs

  -Use of specialist equipment: the middle class had sufficient finance to purchase their own equipment- Wingfield sold a kit as a portable product necessary to play the game of tennis. it cost 5 guineas and included the net, balls, racquets and poles for the net

  -Standardised rules: Wingfield's kit also contained a rulebook which helped standardised the game, with lawn tennis played to the same rules no matter where it was played

  -Played by men and women: tennis allowed respectable social and gender mixing, it was a good, civilised, social game which both sexes could play

  -Public provision: eventually spread to the working class via public parks

  -Professionalism / media
• what lead to the development of female tennis players since the 19th century?


  -Tennis was viewed as very important for the emancipation (setting free) of women in sport. In 1884 women were first allowed to play tennis, helping to overcome suppression and negative stereotypes. Positive female participation encouraged participation e.g. Lottie Dodd who won 5 ladies singles titles in the late 19th century.

  -The first female winner of Wimbledon was Miss Maud Watson in 1884.

  -The game of lawn tennis aided women's participation as it could be played in the seclusion and privacy of their own gardens. Women could play the activity as a minimum exercise activity dressed in high necked, long-sleeved dresses.

  -As lawn tennis was 'not too vigorous', women were not expected to sweat which was seen as unladylike. They could play the game with both male and females as part of social gatherings, improving health.

  
  

  Equal opportunities

  Middle class women playing

  Fully-clothed

  In own gardens / hidden from view

  Early opportunities to play in private clubs / Wimbledon championships

  Increased media coverage

  More female role models

  Early professional circuit
• describe the rationalisation of lawn tennis

  -The middle class invented lawn tennis as they aspired to be like the upper classes and were excluded from real tennis.

  -Major Walter Clopton Wingfield patented his game of tennis on 23rd February in 1874. They devised their own game of tennis which suited their middle-class suburban housing with lawned gardens.

  -Walls and hedges ensured privacy from the lower classes who were initially excluded from participation. The middle classes established 'private' tennis clubs where gardens were deemed unsuitable to house a tennis court.

  -By 1877, the All England Croquet Club had been renamed the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club. As a rational sporting activity mainly for the middle class, lawn tennis was first introduced at Wimbledon in 1877 joining croquet as another sport.