psycology

• Brain Plasticity: the ability of neural connections to grow and reorganise.
• Developmental plasticity: ability of neural connections in brain to reorganise in response to sensory input from environment.
• adaptive plasticity: reorganising neural connections after learning new information or altering damage.
• proliferation: Increased number of cells
• Migration: movement from deep inside the brain, until final position. Chemical trails and scaffolds.
• Circuit formation: The axon grows towards the target and synapses.

  They create specific currents either in small clusters or over large distances. Vital in sensory and visual cortexes.
• synaptic pruning: inactive neurons die, it increases efficiency of nervous system. More complex tasks can be complete.
• myelination: Axon covered in myelin, insulating neuron which increases speed. information is integrated quicker. starts from back to front.
• Cerebellum during adolescence 


  stops growing at 12 years old for females, 15 for males. Emotional regulation and decision making are impulsive as cerebellum hasn't fully grown.
• corpus callosum during adolescence 


  increased thickness due to myelination. As neural network strengthens, behavioural and emotional regulation improves.
• Amygdala during adolescence

  Plays a role in emotional response and the immediate behavioural reactions as a response to emotion.
• steps of the amygdala during adolescence

  1. increased reactivity, situations are misinterpreted: threatening when it's not.
  2. trigger stress response ( link to synaptic system)
  3. high emotional reaction, volatile, fearful, aggressive.
• Pre-frontal cortex during adolescence 


  Connection with amygdala is not fully developed. Low regulation of behavior and emotions.
• frontal lobe during adolescence


  This regulates emotional/rational thinking behaviour. Last part of brain to mature, not completely myelinated until 30. Connection between frontal lobe and amygdala is still strengthening, leading to impulse control, poor decision-making and planning.
• cognitive development 


  Is spoken and written, communicating with structure.

  expressing infinite ideas with finite symbols.
• pre-natal (cognitive development)


  Hearing mother's voice, sound and speech pattern and it alters physical brain structure.
• infancy ( cognitive development) 


  communicating non-verbal: cry, smile, eye contact

  verbal: cooing, babbling, first word.
• parentese 


  Baby tone and long vowels. It helps determine start and end of words
• childhood (cognitive development)

  first words "da"

  3. small sentences

  4. tailoring speech to audience

  5. Telling stories and improvement of grammar

  11. 19 000 words
• adolescent (cognitive development)

  increased language comprehension/ vocab

  comprehend similes, idoms etc
• early adulthood ( cognitive development ) 


  improvement in knowledge of words

  verbal fluency starts to decline at 35
• middle adulthood (cognitive development) 


  tip of tongue

  improvement of knowledge and meaning of words

  verbal fluency starts declines
• older adult ( cognitive development )

  tip of tounge

  speed of language processing declines

  difficulties with language production
• schemas


  Mental representations of someone's knowledge from experiences of the world.
• assimilation 


  integrating information into existing schemas without the schema being altered.
• accomdation


  changing exsiting schemas to intergrate new information or the creation of a new schema when intergration isn't possible
• ethical guidelines committee can either:


  justification: more information or some slight changes

  reject: not necessary, unethical

  approve: also monitor
• BRIJ


  beneficence: beneficence outweighs risks

  respect: cultures and customs

  integrity: competent and honesty

  just: fair treatment
• privacy 


  control flow of personal information.
• confidentiality 


  Anything disclosed during experiment, cannot be released without consent.
• protection from harm 


  physical

  psychological
• deception

  intentionally do not inform the participant because of research/aim
• debrief 


  tell participant real reason and if they were in the experimental or control group.
• informed consent 


  signiture, written, explanation of aim, risks, requirements.
• voluntary participation 


  freely and no coerian
• withdrawal rights 


  stop at any time with no consequences.
• reduce 


  reduce amount involved
• refinement 


  improves quality of life
• replacement 


  full: model, tissues

  partial: use animals that don't experience pain. worms, insect
• reliability 


  consistent results

  same participant, tests, results

  test, retest. inter-rater , spilt self.