Diversity 1

• the negative particles affect us of a virus- parasite
• a virus is going to have to break into living cells in order to gain resources for reproduction
• virus basic components:

  • capsid protein coat made of protein (outside)
  • nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) (inside)
• fungal structure:

  • hypha= one thread
  • mycelium= an entire network of hypha wraps around the plant
  • extracellular digestion (rather than ingesting their food and having to digest what they want fungi secrete digestive enzymes are the nutrients that are beneficial
• dispersing offspring:

  • mushroom= spore containing structure
  • spores travel through air looking to land on a food source
• fungal relationships:

  lichen- algae + fungus (mutalism)
• mycorrhizae: plant roots + fungus (mutualism)
• Protists:

  • lack specialized cells tissues
  • difficult to charactarize
  • multicellular or unicellular
  • some are autotrophic some are heterotrophic
• protist groups:

  1. protozoa- animal like
  2. algae- plant-like
  3. slime molds- fungus like
• protozoa-

  • hair like structures, impulses itself to move (cilia)
  • tall like structure, propelles the organism (flagellum)
  • impulses of the plasm and the fake feet pulls to the direction (pseudopods)
• algae:

  • kelp forests
  • phytoplankton in aquatic ecosystem, foundation of oceanic ecosystem
  • mutualists in coral (algae gives sugar and coral gets its structure)
• slime molds:

  • protist that was before fungus
  • heterotroph, decomposer
  • consume what it decomposes
• celia

  
• flagellum

  
• archaea and bacteria both are composed of prokaryotes
• archaea and bacteria have a different dna sequence
• diversity:

  photoautotroph- food from light

  chemoautotroph- food from chemicals

  bacteria is very diverse in what it can do
• good bacteria:

  helps digest and cut up food for the body to digest it
• bad bacteria:

  • salmonella lives in animal and human intestines
  • humans become frequently infected
• conjugation: one bacteria shares its dna with another
• endospore- tough, dominant, and resistant spore produced during unfavorable environmental conditions that allows a bacterium to reduce its size.
• mushroom is the reproductive structure- fungi
• fungi reproduces in its spores
• hypha=one thread
• mycelium= entire work of hypha
• plants send chemical signals through mycelium network
• any organism uses spores to reproduce= very old
• lichen: algae + fungus
• lichen benefits the tree (acts like a shield to protect the tree)
• when a tree has a disease, lichen is there to help
• mycorrhizae: plant roots + fungus
• plants can grow only in water
• because of photosynthesis, plants could be on land
• cuticle:

  • solution to reduce the speed of water loss from their bodies
  • waxy, clear-secretion that the outer cells release onto the outside of the plant
  • waxy (fatty substance)- repels excess water leaving/entering the plant
  • clear- ensures that sunlight energy can still pass through the cuticle to reach the chloroplast inside
• stoma: pores located on the surface of a plant read that are essential in the release of O2 and the intake of CO2
• stoma: this gap allows for water and oxygen to escape
• stoma- minimizes water loss, guard cells are used to close the stomata.
• guard cells- help regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata
• nonvascular-

  • moss is nonvascular
  • require water
  • limitations- leaves and has to be close to the ground so the plant can get water
• seedless vascular (ferns) limitations:

  • still restricted by requiring the presence
  • plants only grow in wet environments because the sperm still requires water to swim to the egg
  • uses pores