health and social

• Bowlby

  • Infancy is the critical period (0-2 years)
  • Believes biologically preprogrammed
  • Infants form attachments
  • Believes attachments to the primary caregiver is a model for future attachments
• Attachment


  • Separation Anxiety - sign of secure attachment
  • If a child has insecure attachment, they may be reluctant to form relationships, less resilient
• Key worker scheme


  Bowlby’s theory influenced the scheme. Giving the child one key worker who looks after the child all of the time at nursery, playgroup etc.
• Disruptions to Attachments


  • Having to go back to work
  • Illness of Mother - mental illness, post-natal
  • Illness of baby
  • Prematurity
  • Disability
  • In the ICU
  • Having other children
  • Separation ie parental separation
  • Foster Care/adoption
  • Emotional unavailability
  • Depression
• Social Development


  Forming relationships (intimate, platonic etc)
• Types of relationships


  • Intimate
  • Family
  • Friendships
  • Acquaintances
  • Formal
  • Informal
• Formal relationships


  • More professional, Less close
• Informal relationships


  • More comfortable, relaxed
• Benefits of Friendships

  • Promotes emotional and social development, probably have similar interests, not isolated, positive peer pressure
• Play


  Allows child to explore environment, develop physical skills
• Types of Play (Piaget)


  • Solo play
  • Parallel play
  • Cooperative play
• Solo play


  • 0-2 years old, playing on their own, limited social and cognitive development
• Parallel play


  • 2-3 years old, playing alongside each other, don't really interact, haven't developed ability to share, independent play
• Cooperative play


  • Start to interact with each other, share, communicate, negotiate roles, respond to other people's feelings
• Age Range


  • Infancy 0-2 years
  • Early Childhood 3-8 years
  • Adolescence 9-18 years
  • Early Adulthood 19-45 years
  • Middle Adulthood 46-65 years
  • Later Adulthood 65+ year
• Growth


  An increase in a measurable quantity such as height or weight or other dimensions
• Development


  Complex changes in skills and capabilities that an individual experiences as they grow
• Principles of Growth


  • Describes an increase in quantity
  • Is continuous but rate is not smooth
  • Difference in growth rates in boys and girls can be rapid during different life stages
• Infancy (Gross)


  1. Roll over

  2. Sit Up

  3. Crawling

  4. Stand up

  5. Cruising

  6. Walking
• Roll over


  6 months
• Sit Up


  9 months
• Crawling


  9 months
• Stand up


  12 months
• Cruising


  12 months
• Walking


  18 months
• Infancy (Fine)


  1. Grasp a toy in one hand

  2. Use a pincer grip to pick up string

  3. Turn the page of a book

  4. Stack Blocks
• Grasp a toy in one hand

  4 months
• Use a pincer grip to pick up string


  12 months
• Turn the page of a book

  18 months
• Stack Blocks

  18 months
• Early Childhood (Gross)


  1. Riding a tricycle

  2. Throw, catch and kick a ball

  3. Running forwards and backwards

  4. Hopping on one foot

  5. Hops and skips using alternate feet
• Riding a tricycle

  3 years
• Throw, catch and kick a ball

  4 years
• Running forwards and backwards

  5 years
• Hopping on one foot

  5 years
• Hops and skips using alternate feet

  6 to 7 years
• Early Childhood (Fine)


  1. Turns pages of a book with precision

  2. Writes own name

  3. Buttons and unbuttons clothing

  4. Ties Shoelaces

  5. Writes using joined up writing
• Turns pages of a book with precision

  5 years
• Writes own name


  5 years
• Buttons and unbuttons clothing

  5 to 6 years