BIO FINAL JENNI 💔

Cards (56)

    1. Cite the current estimate of the number of species described by science and explain why this number is only an estimate.
    • 1.4-1.8 million, others remain a mystery.
    1. List the three major domains of life and describe basic characteristics of each domain.
    • both Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic (simple single-celled organisms without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles), while organisms in the Eukarya are eukaryotes
    1. Briefly describe the characteristics of prokaryotes.
    • prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, have no nucleus, and lack organelles.
    1. Summarize the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells.
    • Eukaryotes, cells with nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles, probably evolved from symbiosis among ancestral eukaryotes and prokaryotes
    1. Describe the characteristics of viruses and explain why they are not considered living organisms.
    • Viruses are nonliving entities made up of genetic material in a transport container and can reproduce only by hijacking living cells
    1. List the major characteristics of the four major kingdoms of Eukarya: Protista, Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae.
    • The kingdom Protista is a hodgepodge of organisms that are typically unicellular eukaryotes. Organisms in this group may be plant-like, or fungus-like in lifestyle.
    • Animals are motile, multicellular eukaryotes that rely on other organisms for food.
    • Fungi are immobile, multicellular eukaryotes that rely on other organisms for food and are made up of thin, threadlike hyphae.
    • Plants are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes that make their own food.
    1. Define adaptive radiation and provide examples of where this has occurred in the history of life.
    • *Adaptive radiation occurs when several new species appear quickly after the evolution of a new "way of life" or the death of a competing group.
    • *The diversity of flowering plants may be due partly to adaptive radiation resulting from their production of defensive chemicals
    1. Describe how evolutionary classifications of living organisms are created and tested and explain how these classifications can be useful to scientists.
    • Phylogenics are created and tested by evaluating the shared traits of different species that indicate they shared a recent ancest
    1. List the tissues and structures found on angiosperm plants and describe their functions
    • Meristematic tissue- functions in cell division and allows the root system to extend through the soil
    • epidermal tissue- water absorption below ground and water retention above ground
    • ground tissue- consist of cells that perform photosynthesis or store starch
    • vascular tissue- made up of a xylem which carries water and minerals and a phloem which carries sugar/food
    1. Describe the process of reproduction in angiosperms, including the role of double fertilization
    • When pollen is transferred from the male to the female angiosperm, two sperm are released. One of the sperm fertilizes the egg while the other fuses to other nuclei inside the ovule.
    1. Compare and contrast primary and secondary growth in dicot plants.
    • Primary growth is the height of the plant.
    • Secondary growth is the width of the plant.
    1. Describe the role of water availability in maximizing a plant’s exposure to sunlight and carbon dioxide.
    • Plants close their stomata to regulate the loss of water and carbon dioxide uptake. Plants require an abundant amount of water to maximize the uptake of carbon dioxide to undergo photosynthesis. Farmers undergo methods like irrigation and removing weeds that compete for water.
    1. Provide examples of important nutrients for plant growth and distinguish between how these nutrients occur in natural systems and how they are made available in agricultural systems.
    Soil is composed of eroded rock and decayed material and is the major source of nutrients for plant growth. Through agricultural systems, farmers add fertilizer to the plants to add more nutrients.
    1. Describe how water moves up a plant stem.
    • Transpiration- Water lost from leaves through evaporation, the next water molecules are pulled up through the stomata.
    • Cohesion - alike molecules stick together
    • Adhesion - Unlike molecules stick together
    • Rate of this controlled by size of stomata
    1. List the modifications of plant physiology and anatomy that reduce water loss or make plants more drought tolerant.
    • Modifications to photosynthesis more efficient C02 acquisition
    • Modifications to leaf shape and stomata increase water conservation
    1. Describe the pressure flow mechanism of phloem transport.
    • Movement from source (w high concentration of sugar) to sink (where nutrients are used and accumulated). Occurs in any direction in a pant
    1. Define photoperiodism and explain the mechanism by which plants respond to day length.
    • Photoperiodism - Biological response to changes in light and dark proportions within a 24 hour cycle. Plants respond to day length by bending toward light (photoperiodism)
    1. List the environmental factors that cause tropism in plants and describe how differences in cell expansion lead to directional growth.
    • Tropism - Directional growth in plants
    • Causes:
    • Gravitropism - growth downward toward source of gravity
    • Phototropism: Growth in response to light
    • Thigmotropism: Growth in response to touch
    1. Define “plant hormone” and describe a number of ways in which one hormone, auxin, affects plant growth.
    • Plant hormones - regulate plants internal environment and control responses to conditions
    • Auxin - Hormone that triggers expansion of cells
    • Responsible for increased plant size
    1. Describe the structure and function of epithelial tissues.
    • tightly packed sheets of cells that cover organs and outer surfaces, as well as line hollow organs, vessels, and body cavities.
    • -free sides exposed to body fluids or external env.
    • -can be single layer or many layers thick
    • -functions in protection, secretion, and absorption
    • -constantly sloughing off; replaced by cell division
    1. Compare the structures and functions of the six connective tissues.
    • -Loose connective tissue
    • -Adipose tissue
    • -Blood
    • -Fibrous connective tissue
    • -Cartilage
    1. Compare the structures and functions of the three types of muscle tissues.
    • skeletal, cardiac, smooth
    1. Describe the structure and function of nervous tissues.
    • composed of neurons that conduct and transmit electrical impulses; found in the brain, spinal cords, and nerves.
    • -main functions: senses and processes stimuli, transmits signals from brain to body
    • most nerve cells do not undergo cell division to repair damage
    1. Explain what an organ is and how organs interact in an organ system.
    • structures composed of 2 or more tissue types working together for a specific function
    • Communication among organ systems is controlled mainly by the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system
    1. Explain how positive and negative feedback mechanisms help in the maintenance of homeostasis
    • Negative and positive feedback systems maintain body homeostasis by either dampening or amplifying a physiological response to maintain balance. Negative feedback systems dampens the output of a physiological process to decrease the product.
    1. Describe the structures and functions of the digestive system.
    2. mouth
    3. 2. pharynx
    4. 3. esophagus
    5. 4. stomach
    6. 5. small intestine
    7. 6. large intestine
    8. 7. anus
    1. List the accessory organs of the digestive system and outline their roles in digestive processes
    • teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The main functions of the GI system include ingestion and digestion of food, nutrient absorption, secretion of water and enzymes, and excretion of waste products.
    1. Explain the hormonal control of the digestive system.
    • Hormones control the different digestive enzymes that are secreted in the stomach and the intestine during the process of digestion and absorption
    1. List the structures composing the mammalian urinary system.
    2. The urinary system removes wastes while retaining materials to be reused and recycled
    3. Major organs:
    4. Kidneys
    5. 2. Ureters
    6. 3. Urinary bladder
    7. 4. Urethra
    1. Describe the steps in the process of urine excretion.
    • Kidneys filter waste, glomerulus starts urine formation, hydrogen/potassium ions & ammonia secreted into tubules, ureters have peristaltic waves that send urine into bladder in spurts, bladder holds urine until a person is ready to void. Urine in the bladder goes through the urethra to exit the body at the urethral meatus.
    1. List the structures that make up the mammalian respiratory system and describe the path of air into the body.
    Air flows into the body via the mouth and nose and enters the respiratory system via the pharynx and trachea. Once in the lungs, air flows through bronchi and into alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
    1. Describe the muscles involved in breathing, including the diaphragm, and explain how their movements facilitate air movement into and out of the lungs.
    • The movement of air into and out of the lungs depends largely on the action of the diaphragm, a dome of muscle that sits directly below the lungs
    • Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the chest cavity, decreasing air pressure and allowing air flow in. Relaxation of the diaphragm causes the opposite to occur. Muscles surrounding the rib cage and in the abdomen can also contract or relax to cause changes in the chest cavity volume
    1. Explain the role of hemoglobin in gas exchange.
    • As blood flows through the lungs, hemoglobin reversibly binds to oxygen molecules in high concentrations there. In the body tissues, the hemoglobin releases some of its oxygen load to supply active tissues
    1. Describe the effect of smoking on the respiratory system.
    • Small particles in tobacco smoke enter the lungs, causing cell damage that eventually leads to chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis in turn can lead to emphysema. The tineset smoke particles are down into the alveoli, where they may remain for long periods, exposing the alveolar cells to carcinogens within the smoke particles
    1. List the organs and tissues of the circulatory system and describe the function of each.
    • Circulatory systems in animals consist of a fluid for gas and material exchange (blood), "tubes" for carrying the fluid throughout the body (veins and arteries), and a pump to facilitate fluid flow (the heart)
  • How blood moves through the double circulation system of the heart

    1. Blood from the lungs flows to the heart
    2. Blood is pumped into the systemic circulation
    3. Blood drops off oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide in body tissues
    4. Blood returns to the heart
    5. Blood is pumped back to the lungs
  • Blood
    • Liquid portion called plasma
    • Cellular portion consisting of red blood cells and platelets
  • Heart
    Double pump consisting of four chambers - two atria and two ventricles
  • Blood circulation

    1. Right-side pump sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
    2. Left-side pump sends oxygen rich blood to the body
  • After dropping off a load of oxygen and picking up carbon dioxide in the body tissues, the blood returns to the heart and is pumped back to the lungs