Nutrient Sources: rouhages, concentrates,& supplements

• feeds - defined as any material grown or developed to be fed to livestock and poultry to sustain or support life.
• feeds - usually connotes complete feeds, rations, or diets, but may also be used to refer to feed ingredients or components of mixed feeds.
• Feedstuff - can be used interchangeably with feeds
• classification of feeds

  • roughages
  • concentrates
  • supplements
  • feed additives
• roughages - feed materials containing more than 18% crude fber and are generally low in energy content (<60 TDN or Total digestible nutrients)
• feed cost accounts for as much as 80% of the total expenses in livestock and poultry production
• feeds do not only affect farm productivity but also impact farm profitabilty
• concentrates - feeds that are high in energy content (>60% TDN) and low in crude fiber (18%)
• concentrates:

  • energy feeds
  • animal protein feeds
  • plant protein feeds
• supplements - feedstuffs that are mixed with a primary grain and/or roughage to provide all the nutrients required to support the form of production for which it is intended
• supplements:

  • amino acid
  • mineral
  • vitamin
• feed additives - non-nutritive substances added in the feed for specific purposes such as enzymes, probiotics, acidifiers, etc
• common roughages

  • grasses
  • legumes
  • other forages
• grasses - belongs to Poaceae family (formally called as Gramineae); normally with 6-10% crude protein and <0.9% calcium content
• grasses:

  • Guinea grass
  • Para grass
  • Napier grass
  • Star grass
  • Alabang X
• Guinea grass - presence of trichomes in nodes
• para grass - presence of trichomes in whole culm
• napier grass - rough leaves (no trichomes in culm)
• star grass - presence of roots at nodes
• alabang X - presence of trichomes at nodes
• legumes - belongs to Fabaceae family; normally with 10.5% crude protein or higher and >0.9% calcium content
• legumes

  • madre de cacao
  • ipil-ipil
  • centrosema
  • moringa
  • forage peanut
  • stylosanthes
  • rensoni
  • calopo
• other forages

  • madre de agua
  • mulberry
• energy feeds - contain a variable amount of nutrients but exceptionally high in energy
• energy feeds include cereal grains, milling by-products, processed tubers, fats & oils, and some considered as miscellaneous feeds
• ground corn - entire corn kernel ground or chopped
• ground corn - energy feeds
• wheat grain/feed wheat - the entire wheat kernel including the hulls
• wheat grain/feed wheat - energy feeds
• sorghum grains - include hegari, kafir, milo grains, and other varieties of sorghum grains
• sorghum grains - energy feeds
• rice bran - composed mainly of pericarp or bran layer of rice and germ that are removed from rice grains in the manufacture of polished rice for human consumption
• rice bran - energy feeds
• cassava meal - known as tapioca or manioc
• cassava meal - produced from ground sliced and dried cassava tubers
• fresh tubers contain anti-nutritional factor; known as hydrocyanic acid (HCN) or prussic acid, which can be destroyed by proper drying
• cassava meal - energy feeds
• protein feeds - concentrates with 20% CP or higher
• animal protein feeds - end-products of meat packaging, dairy processing, and marine industries
• tankage and meat meal (pork meal) - scraps made from trimmings, inedible parts, and organs, cleaned entrails, residues from the production of fats, and certain condemned carcasses