Structure and bonding

• PEN method


  Protons electrons neutrons
• compound


  two or more elements chemically bonded
• ionic bonding

  • Particles are positively charged
  • between metals and non metals
  • transfer of electrons
  • metals LOSE non-metals GAIN
• covalent bonding

  • Particles are atoms which share pairs of electrons
  • between non metals and non metals
  • shared pair(s) of electrons
• metallic bonding

  • Particles are atoms which share delocalised electrons
  • in metallic elements and alloys
  • positive ions with a sea of delocalised electrons
• use ionic bonding for aluminium 


  answer

  
• use ionic bonding to bond calcium to chloride

  answer

  
• Giant ionic structureWhen the ions in a compound (sodium chloride) are arranged to form a giant ionic structure
• SOLID giant ionic structure 


  Ions are in a fixed position in a giant lattice. They vibrate but cannot move around
• MOLTEN giant ionic structure 


  high temperature provides enough energy to overcome the many strong attractive forces between ions. Ions move freely
• SOLUTION (DISSOLVED) giant ionic structure 


  free to move within the solution
• Giant covalent structures

  DIAMOND

  Made of- carbon atoms

  high melting and boiling points

  strong bonds

  insulator

  no free ions

  3d tetrahederal structure makes bonds stronger
• giant covalent structures

  GRAPHITE


  made of - carbon

  high melting and boiling points

  good conductor

  one free delocalised electron

  weak forces between layers

  soft
• FULLERENES


  fullerene is a molecule with a hollow centre made of carbon. they come in sphere shapes, cube and tubes.
• what was the first fullerene to be discovered


  Bucksminsterfullerene
• formula of bucksminsterfullerene 


  discovered in 1985

  hexagonal rings of carbon atoms c60