geography paper 2

• tourism allows countries to develop quickly
• the global tourist industry

  • employs one in eleven of all jobs
  • annual revenue of 500 billion
  • accounts for about 35% of export of services
• tourism is established in spain and france because of infrastructure airports
• the tourist industry has grown due to

  • bank holiday act of 1871, paid off days
  • travel is cheaper
  • pensioners are healthier and richer than ever
• Nepal tourism case study

  • Hillary climber mount Everest and then other started climbing it which brought sherpas tourism jobs healthcare and airport
  • 2016 - 753002 tourists
  • 2019 - 1,197,191 tourists
  • 26500 tons of excrement left annually this is unsanitary and disease spreading
• Nepal tourism case study

  • the new generation of sherpas is moving away to japan uk france
  • they have technology now, mobile phones
  • nepal invested heavily in tourism
  • the older generation believe the new gen have lost simple religious values due to tourism brining consumerism and contact with outside world
  • negatives of tourism on everest- pollution, using resources, congestion,
  • positives- road building makes remote areas more accessible, tourism changed sherpas lives
• nepal is an LIC
• jamaica is a nic

  climate guaranteed hot weather and no hurricanes in winter

  there is food wine coffee tours

  water sports and cruises

  culture history music and art
• due to post colonial control lics and nics develop and industry to create an economy
• positive multiplyer effects

  more tourists visit Jamacia

  new jobs created in hotels

  wages increase for employees meaning they pay more tax

  the gov spends increased tax revenue on education to improve literacy rates

  the development gap is reduced as more people can read and write and have better access to jobs in future
• Antarctica is protected by the antarctic treaty

  tourism started in 1969 at a few hundred

  now 40,000 year

  tour operators make sure the trip is environmental

  sustainable, cleaning shoes, clothes, no food or pollen no soil this is to not bring any new species to the continent

  not allowed to take things such as rocks plants fossils eggs or bones

  do not feed or touch the animals

  keep 5 meters from wildlife

  expensive to go atleast 8000 and many cant go due to cost of living crisis which makes it more sustainable
• zone map is where tourists go and minimises where they can go
• in st lucia its cheap at 1 dollar a day

  need permit which is number management so not many can go diving
• in kenya they are overdependent on tourism

  expensive, covid and terrorist attacks all decreased tourism
• estimated £30 billion worth of clothes never worn hanging in wardrobes
• every 5 minutes, 10,000 items of clothing sent to landfill
• up to 40% of clothing order returns are sent to landfill
• fast fashion shopping jumper by 46% during first uk lockdown
• only 2% of fashion workers around globe are paid a livable salary
• fast fashion industry emits 1.2 billion tonnes of co2 per year
• 85% of old clothes end up in landfill
• electronic materials need to be recyled carefully because they contain hazardous materials such as led and mercury which pollutes the earth and harms human health
• 50 million tonnes of e waste a year
• e waste is dumper next to settlements including informal ones

  waste is burnt which melts plastic to extract metals

  this creates fires affects health and pollutes environment
• savannah grasslands soil is not very fertile

  nutrients are found near the surface because they come from decayed matter from previous growing season

  the organic matter decays rapidly due to high temperature
• soils are red in colour due to high iron content

  plant roots cannot penetrate the hard pan layer

  which restricts vegetation growth
• the climate in the savannah is dry and hot therefore the soil is not very fertile
• savanna trees

  • thorns with live stinging ants so animals dont eat leaves
  • small waxy leaves so less water is lost through transpiration
  • long roots to reach great depths or water sources
• an increase in population puts pressure on the land
• the maasai use to be nomads but forced to settles due to british colonization
• biofuels are waste products from industrys (rape seed, sugar cane)

  they are promoted to reduce greenhouse gas emission
• originally biofuels were waste products but now they are being farmed, so farmers arent producing food which makes food prices rise
• sustainabilty is meeting the needs of todays generation without compromising the future needs and not harming the environment
• ecotourism examples

  composting with a drop toilet means no water used

  education employs locals and involves maasai culture with talks and tours

  employing local people, as before employers use to hire from uk

  sell out quickly due to limited numbers this makes it more sustainable

  fair wages as they use to have 0 hour contracts
• ecotourism should be the future of tourism as its the only tourism that uses all 3 levels of sustainability
• vulnerable LIC need tourism FOR income and jobs but staying at home is better for the environment and no need to build hotels
• born free have a system where poachers can change to rangers so they will help and have a reliable source of income and an opportunity for a better life

  they can get loans for livestock
• 2 million wildebeast mitigate between tanzania and kenya each year
• with poverty poaching is becoming a problem as ivory is expensive

  this means animals are being lost
• ethical issues around biofuel usage

  • crops used for biofuels could be used to feed people
  • this could cause food shortages or increase price of food