Social Studies Quiz

• Big business


  An establishment that is run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods or services on a large scale
• Monopoly


  A huge corporate structure that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy
• John Rockefeller dominated the petroleum industry by gaining control of oil wells, oil refineries, and oil pipelines
• Advantages of big businesses

  • Added to general prosperity
  • Resources to invest in research and development
  • Led to innovation and creation of new products and technologies
  • Created job opportunities
  • Increased efficiency by driving out less efficient corporations
  • Provided goods and services at lower costs compared to smaller businesses
• Disadvantages of big businesses

  • Destroyed competing companies in pursuit of profit
  • Raised prices after eliminating competition
  • Damaged the free-enterprise system
  • Exacerbated income inequality by concentrating wealth
  • Prioritized profit over worker well-being
• Reformers called for laws to prevent monopolies and regulate large corporations
• Gasoline-powered combustion engine


  An engine that powered vehicles
• The First Automobile (3 wheels)


  A vehicle with gasoline-powered engine
• The First Automobile (4 wheels)


  A vehicle with gasoline-powered engine
• The First Airplane


  A powered flying vehicle
• Telegraph


  Could send coded messages over wires by means of electricity
• The Second Industrial Revolution, which occurred between the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, was a period of rapid industrial growth and innovation that had a profound impact on the world economy and society
• Key inventions included the telephone, the internal combustion engine, the light bulb, and the airplane, among others
• The pace of change quickened as companies hired professional chemists and engineers to create new products and machinery
• The Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by a shift from traditional manufacturing methods to new, more efficient methods of mass production
• One of the major consequences of the Second Industrial Revolution was the growth of urbanization and the rise of the modern city
• Michael Faraday's dynamo


  Essential to later inventions, such as the light bulb, and new industrial processes
• Thomas Edison built on the idea of electricity to create electric light bulbs
• Electricity powered machines, assembly lines, and light; light allowed factories to stay open longer
• Electrical generators and transformers work on the principle of the dynamo
• Assembly line


  A system of division of labor where each worker was responsible for a specific, repetitive task
• New York City's population grew the most
• Life expectancy increased more than 25 years between 1850 and 1910
• Populations soared because the death rate fell. Nutrition improved, thanks in part to improved methods of farming, food storage, and distribution. Medical advances (discovery of anesthesia) and improvements in public sanitation (discovery of antiseptics for sterilization) also slowed death rates