cells

• Function of the cilia


  To sweep mucus and bacteria to the top of the throat to be swallowed
• How is the cilia specialised?

  Hair like structures to sweep mucus and bacteria upwards
• where is DNA held in bacteria if there is no nucleus?


  In the cytoplasm
• what are enzymes made of?


  amino acids linked together forming proteins
• what do enzymes do?


  help speed up chemical reactions
• how do enzymes work?

  reduce activation energy, increasing rate of reaction
• steps of the lock and key model:


  •substrate enters active site of enzyme

  •enzyme changes shape as substrate binds

  •enzyme products are created and leave active site
• where would you find the enzyme amylase?


  salivary glands
• how are enzymes denatured?


  When increased beyond the optimum temp
• difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?


  eukaryotic cells have a nucleus but prokaryotic cells don’t
• function of the chloroplasts


  contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis
• function of a cell wall


  for structure
• function of a vacuole 


  holds cell sap
• features of a red blood cell


  no nucleus so there’s more space for oxygen
• function of red blood cells 


  carry oxygen around the body
• features of an egg cell


  haploid nucleus
• function of an egg cell


  to be fertilised by a sperm cell
• features of a sperm cell


  •mitochondria for energy

  •flagellum for swimming
• function of a sperm cell

  to fertilise the egg cell
• what is denaturing 


  shape of an enzymes active site changes
• optimum temperature of an enzyme

  around 37 degrees
• how is the microvilli specialised for absorbing food

  one cell thick so diffusion path is short
• products of carbohydrates 


  starch
• products of proteins 


  amino acids
• products of lipids 


  glycerol and fatty acids
• what is diffusion 


  the movement of particles from a high to low concentration
• what is osmosis 


  diffusion of water across a membrane
• purpose of a nucleus

  hold DNA
• five parts of an animal cell

  1. cell membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. mitochondria
  4. ribosomes
  5. nucleus
• things in plant cells that aren’t in animal cells 


  •cell wall

  •vacuole

  •chloroplasts
• function of mitochondria 


  where respiration happens
• function of ribosomes


  proteinsynthesis
• function of cytoplasm 


  carries out chemical reactions
• function of a cell membrane 


  controls what enters and leaves the cell
• Cell membrane


  Controls what enters and leaves the cell, e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose
• Nucleus


  A large structure that contains genes that control the activities of the cell
• Cell wall


  Made of cellulose, tough so that it helps support the cell and helps it keep its shape
• Cytoplasm


  Jelly-like substance that fills the cell- many reactions take place here
• Mitochondria


  Tiny structures where respiration takes place, releasing energy for cell processes
• Ribosomes


  Where proteins are made (protein synthesis)