Final exam!

• What is the relationship between cognition and emotion in animals and humans?

  They are interdependent and influence each other
• James-Lange theory

  emotion is the result of arousal that we experience
• Cannon-Bard theory

  emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal
• Human brains were not evolved to

  be social digitally
• James-Lange theory*

  People with reduced arousal due to spinal injuries report reduced emotions
• Cannon-Bard theory*

  People who view fearful faces show more amygdala activation over viewing angry or joyful faces
• A Raven who steals from other Ravens will wait and go back to re-hide their food if another Raven sees them cache it. What might this be evidence of?

  Theory of Mind
• If a person does not have yawn contagion, what does research indicate about their empathy?

  People who do not have yawn contagion are more likely to score lower on empathy measures.
• Which is a true statement regarding the evolutionary origins of emotion in humans and animals?

  They evolved as mechanisms to enhance survival and social interactions
• The Oxford Companion to Animal Behavior says that the main difference between human and animal emotions is that...

  Animals don't have mixed emotions
• Inter Group conflict is made worse by

  intra group empathy
• What is animal empathy?

  It is a form of emotional contagion and perspective taking
• The study of facial expressions in blind children suggests what about the origin of emotional expressions?

  They are innate and do not depend on visual learning
• Why is rejecting human and animal similarity a greater problem than the assumption of it? In other words: Why might it be better to anthropomorphize?

  Rejecting our similarity stands in the way of a frank assessment of who we are as a species.
• What is an emotion?

  A temporary state marked by specific changes in the body and mind
• Ekman and Friesen (1971) studied a Papua New Guinea tribe’s ability to recognize Westerners facial expressions. Although these people had not been exposed to movies, television, or magazines they were still able to recognize some Western emotional expressions. What were they?

  Fearful, Angry, Sad, Happy, Disgusted, Surprised
• To study fear, scientists often focus on examining the amygdala in a particular animal due to its relevance in fear processing. Which animal is commonly studied for this purpose?

  Rats, because of their well-documented fear response and brain structure similarities to humans.
• When rats were given anti-anxiety medication, they no longer helped their cage-mate out of a tube-trap. What appears to be an evolutionary incentive for some empathetic responses?

  personal distress
• Part A shows the number of sexual partners men and women report wanting over different periods of time, and Part B shows men’s and women’s estimates of the likelihood of agreeing to sexual intercourse with an attractive partner they have known for varying lengths of time. These results indicate that

  men wanted many more sexual partners in their lifetime than women, and were more willing to have sex with a desired partner after a shorter amount of time.

  
• Humans behavior has ________________ with ____________________ therefore, we __________ apply all of Tinbergen’s levels of analysis (to varying degrees of confidence)

  1. proximate mechanisms;
  2. evolutionary history;
  3. can
• In a study on mate choice, men and women were able to spend “mate dollars” on traits they desired in a life partner. With a limited budget, women spent 17% of their money on yearly income, compared to only 3% spent by men on the same trait. Thus, women seem to prefer men that can provide direct, material benefits. Which hypothesis for this preference is based on group-selection theory?

  A wealthy man benefits his or her society by providing assistance to individuals otherwise likely to be a burden to the group.
• In this study, digital images of the same male’s face were altered to reflect the developmental effects of testosterone. Women then judged the photographs for physical attractiveness and social dominance. These results indicate that

  high testosterone faces reveal dominance, but not attractiveness.

  
• In a study on mate choice, men and women were able to spend “mate dollars” on traits they desired in a life partner. With a limited budget, women spent 17% of their money on yearly income, compared to only 3% spent by men on the same trait. Thus, women seem to prefer men that can provide direct, material benefits.

  Which hypothesis for this preference is based on direct benefits of female mate choice?

  A wealthy man can provide more parental care and resources to care for his offspring.
• In a study on mate choice, men and women were able to spend “mate dollars” on traits they desired in a life partner. With a limited budget, women spent 17% of their money on yearly income, compared to only 3% spent by men on the same trait. Thus, women seem to prefer men that can provide direct, material benefits.

  Which hypothesis for this preference is based on the good genes model of sexual selection?

  A man’s wealth is indicative of his intelligence, and therefore he will likely produce offspring that are also intelligent.
• In a study on mate choice, men and women were able to spend “mate dollars” on traits they desired in a life partner. With a limited budget, women spent 17% of their money on yearly income, compared to only 3% spent by men on the same trait. Thus, women seem to prefer men that can provide direct, material benefits.

  Which hypothesis for this preference is based on kin-selection theory?

  A wealthy man can provide assistance for her relatives and their offspring, thereby providing an indirect fitness benefit.
• The FOXP2 gene

  originated in a distant ancestor of many modern species, and was independently modified to facilitate vocal learning and speech.
• Part A shows the number of sexual partners men and women report wanting over different periods of time, and Part B shows men’s and women’s estimates of the likelihood of agreeing to sexual intercourse with an attractive partner they have known for varying lengths of time. Based on this study, we can conclude that men and women

  differ in their mate preferences, leading to sexual conflict.

  
• In this study, digital images of the same male’s face were altered to reflect the developmental effects of testosterone. Women then judged the photographs for physical attractiveness and social dominance. These results indicate that

  women do not necessarily prefer men with genetic traits that indicate social dominance.

  
• Using the comparative approach, researchers have found that

  the human variant of the FOXP2 gene was shared by Neanderthals, suggesting that speech arose more recently.
• Field experiments are increasingly important for studying animal culture in:

  Wild populations
• Gene-culture coevolution can result in:

  Cultural traditions affecting genetic diversity
• Precocial animals are characterized by:

  Being able to feed and move independently shortly after birth.
• Umwelt refers to:

  The unique perceptual world of each organism.
• Gene-culture coevolution is best demonstrated by:

  The development of lactase persistence in humans.
• What aspect of animal life is becoming increasingly important in conservation strategies?

  Cultural knowledge
• Which factor is crucial for an animal's capacity for culture?

  Cognitive abilities
• Cultural evolution in animals can be compared to which other evolutionary process

  Organic evolution
• Animal culture primarily involves which type of learning?

  Social Learning
• Which species was observed opening milk bottle tops, an early sign of animal culture?

  Blue Tit
• Which international body has recognized the importance of animal cultures in conservation?

  United Nations