World cities

• World cities


  cities which have great influences on a global scale because of their financial status and worldwide commercial and political power

  e.g. New York, London, Tokyo

  now joined by Beijing, Shanghai, Mumbai
• World citiy rankings


  1. Alpha ++ cities

  2. Alpha + cities

  3. Alpha + Alpha - cities

  4. Beta level cities

  5. Gamma level cities
• Alpha ++ cities


  more integrated than all other cities and constitute their own high level of integration

  e.g. London and New York
• Alpha + cities


  other highly integrated cities that complement London and New York, largely filling in advanced service needs for pacific Asia

  e.g. Tokyo, Hong Kong, Paris, Shanghai, Singapore, Beijing, Sydney and Dubai
• Alpha + Alpha - cities


  very important world cities that link major economic regions + states into the world economy

  e.g. Chicago, Milan, Mumbai, Moscow, Sao Paulo, Frankfurt, Toronto, LA, Madrid + more
• Beta level cities


  important world cities that are industrial in linking their region/ state into world economy

  e.g. Bangalore, Copenhagen, Guangzhou, Zagreb, Oslo, Cairo
• Gamma level cities


  world cities linking smaller regions/states into the world economy/ important world cities whose major global capacity is not in advanced producer services

  Lahore, St Petrtsburg, Durban, Islamabad, Bristol