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• WBC Types


  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
• Granulocytes


  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
• Neutrophils


  60-65% of all WBC, phagocytosis of bacteria, viruses, & fungi, increase in number during acute bacterial & viral infections
• Eosinophils


  1. 4% of all WBC, combats the effects of allergic reactions and phagocytizes antibody/antigen complexes
• Basophils


  Less than 1% of all WBC, intensifies the inflammation response by releasing histamine and heparin
• Agranulocytes


  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
• Lymphocytes


  20-25% of all WBC, produce antibodies that act in the immune response
• Lymphocytes


  • B-Lymphocytes
  • T-Lymphocytes
• 1. Lymphocytes


  Give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies that are released to blood
• 1. T- Lymphocytes

  Carry out the immune response by directly attacking virus infected and tumor cells
• Monocytes


  1. 6% of all WBC, phagocytosis to destroy bacteria and viruses, digest damaged tissue, increase in number during chronic bacterial and viral infections, can be fixed (permanently at one site) or wandering (move in and out), may combine into one large phagocytic cell called a macrophage
• Hemostasis: Blood Clotting Mechanisms


  1. Vascular Spasm

  2. Platelet Plug

  3. Coagulation
• Vascular Spasm


  Immediate response after blood vessel injury, lasts up to 30 minutes, injury to smooth muscle in vessel wall, free floating blood cells in tissue, release of clotting factors from platelets, stimulation of pain receptors, works best in crushed vessel; not as good in a severed vessel
• Platelet Plug


  Platelets always carry (+) Charge, collagen from underlying connective tissue attracts platelets because of its (-) charge, as platelets aggregate they form Sticky spikes on their surface that attracts others, platelets release chemicals that vasoconstrict the damaged blood vessel (prostaglandins-stimulate pain, serotonin-potent vasoconstrictor, ADP)
• Coagulation


  1. Intrinsic Pathway

  2. Extrinsic Pathway

  3. Common Pathway
• Intrinsic Pathway


  Complex, minutes to occur, platelet factor (PF3) or thromboplastin comes from platelet granules, factor 12 activated by damaged endothelium cells lining inside of a blood vessel, factors 8,9, 11, and Calcium and platelet factor is released-which activates factor X and activates the common pathway
• Extrinsic Pathway


  Faster, occurs in seconds, Tissue (III) Factor released from injured cells in surrounding tissue, damage to tissue cells causes tissue factor (thromboplastin) to be released by damaged cells, factor 7 and calcium are released which activates factor X and begins the common pathway
• Common Pathway


  Factor 10 and calcium form prothrombinase, prothrombinase converts the plasma protein prothrombin → thrombin, thrombin converts plasma protein fibrinogen → fibrin, fibrin forms an insoluble clot
• Plasma Proteins


  • Fibrinogens
  • Albumins
  • Globulins
• Fibrinogens


  For blood clotting, responsible for blood clotting, dissolved when not forming a clot
• Albumins


  Aid in maintenance of osmotic pressure, most abundant
• Globulins


  Some function as antibodies to fight infections, others will be used to carry important nutrients and hormones
• WBC Disorders


  • Leukocytosis
  • Leukocytopenia
  • Leukemia
• Leukocytosis


  WBC count over 11,000/mm³, homeostatic response to microbial invasion of body
• Leukocytopenia


  WBC count under 5000 per mm³, problems with fighting infections
• Leukemia


  Cancerous condition where cells arising from the bone marrow remain undifferentiated and mitotic, crowds out mature cells, prevents RBC production, prevents platelet production
• Types of Leukemia


  • Acute (children)
  • Chronic (adults)
  • Myelocytic
  • Lymphocytic
• Blood Plasma Composition


  • Plasma proteins
  • Nutrients and gases
  • NPNs (Nonprotein nitrogenous substances)
  • Electrolytes
• EPO


  Hormone produced in the kidneys, controls RBC production, negative feedback (oxygen increases EPO decreases, oxygen decreases EPO increases)
• ABO and Rh


  Rh positive cannot give to Rh negative, Hemolytic disease of newborn (mother Rh- and fetus is Rh+), AB is universal recipient, O is universal donor
• Walls of the Heart


  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
• Epicardium


  Covers the outside of the heart, composed of simple squamous epithelium and some connective & adipose, contains blood vessels and nerves called the coronary blood vessels
• Myocardium


  Thick layer of cardiac muscle arranged in planes or layers separated by connective tissue, responsible for contracting and generating force to pump blood out of chambers of the heart, left side is thicker because they pump at different forces
• Endocardium


  Innermost layer, thin layer of simple squamous epithelium and some connective tissue, acts to line the chambers of the heart, cover values in the heart, line proximal end of blood vessels entering and leaving the heart
• Blood Vessel Layers


  • Tunica Intima
  • Tunica Media
  • Tunica Adventitia
• Tunica Intima


  Innermost layer, borders lumen of blood vessel, single layer of squamous epithelium called the endothelium
• Tunica Media


  Middle layer, smooth muscle, more extensive in arteries than in veins, responsible for regulating diameter of lumen → controls blood pressure
• Tunica Adventitia


  Outermost layer, connective tissue, helps bind together and protect the blood vessel, contains nerves and blood & lymph vessels
• Blood Vessel Types


  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Veins
  • Venules
  • Capillaries
• Arteries


  Blood away from heart