CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• Anatomy


  The word "anatomy" is derived from a Greek word "Anatome" meaning "to cut up."
• Anatomy


  It is the study of structures that make up the body.
• Anatomy


  Anatomy involves understanding how those structures relate to each other.
• Microscopic anatomy (Histology)


  Requires the use of a microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
• Gross anatomy


  Studies body structure without a microscope.
• Systemic anatomy


  Studies the functional relationships of organs within a system.
• Regional anatomy


  Studies body parts regionally.
• Gross anatomy


  Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
• Physiology


  The word "physiology" is derived from a Greek word for the study of nature.
• Physiology


  It is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
• Cell 


  The smallest independent units of life.
• Basic functions of cell are:

  growth, metabolism, irritability and reproduction
• Tissue


  is made up of many similar cells that perform a specific function
• The various tissues of the body are divided into four groups. These are:


  epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissue
• Epithelial Tissue


  Found in the outer layer of skin, lining of organs, blood and lymph vessels, and body cavities.
• Connective Tissue


  Connects and supports most parts of the body. It constitutes a major part of the skin, bone, and tendons.
• Muscle Tissue


  Produces movement through its ability to contract. This tissue type includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
• Nerve Tissue


  Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It responds to various types of stimuli and transmits nerve impulses.
• Organ


  An integrated collection of two or more kinds of tissue that work together to perform a specific function. For example, the stomach is made of all types of tissues.
• System


  Is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. `
• Organism Level


  The various organs of the body form the entire organism.
• Anatomical Positions


  Universally accepted as the starting points for positional references to the body.
• Anatomical Positions


  In anatomical position, the subject is standing erect and facing the observer, the feet are together, and the arms are hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.
• Standardized terms of reference


  Used when anatomists describe the location of the body part.
• Relative


  Means the location of one part of the body is always described in relation to another part of the body.
• Superior (cranial)


  Toward the head.
• Inferior (caudal)


  Toward the feet.
• Anterior (ventral)


  Toward the front part of the body.
• Medial


  Towards the midline of the body.
• Lateral


  Away from the midline of the body.
• Proximal


  Toward (nearer) the trunk of the body or the attached end of a limb.
• Distal


  Away (farther) from the trunk of the body or the attached end of a limb.
• Superficial


  Nearer the surface of the body.
• Deep


  Farther from the surface of the body.
• Peripheral


  Away from the central axis of the body. Peripheral nerves radiate away from the brain and spinal cord.
• Axial body part


  It is the part of the body near the axis of the body. This includes the head, neck, thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis.
• Appendicular body part


  It is the part of the body located outside the axis line. This includes the upper and lower extremities.
• Body planes


  Body planes are imaginary surfaces or planes lines that divide the body into sections. This helps for further identification of specific areas.
• Term


  Definition
• Sagittal plane


  Divides the body into right and left halves.