APUSH U4

• Big Picture Ideas

  • US started to develop modern democracy + new national culture
  • Innovations in technology accelerated development of American economy; Market Revolution in the 1830s and 1840s
  • US interest in foreign trade +expanding national borders
  • Henry Clay -> similar to Alexander Hamilton, wanted to promote manufacturing, government funded infrastructure, and second bank
• Jeffersonian Era


  Period of Democratic-Republican control after the election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800
• Election of 1800


  1. First peaceful transfer of power

  2. Change from federalist to democratic-republican control
• Louisiana Purchase (1803)


  Expanded Jefferson's agrarian ideals and doubled the size of the US
• Jefferson Foreign Policy


  1. Kept US neutrality policy

  2. Dealt with foreign affairs

  3. Embargo Act: Prohibited american merchants from sailing to any foreign part, Damaged american economy, Repealed in 1809
• Marshall Cases

  1. John Marshall (supreme justice of supreme court) had strong influence over supreme court

  2. Marbury V. Madison: SC has power to decide whether act of congress or president is constitutional

  3. McCulloch v. Maryland: Constitution gives federal government right to create bank

  4. Gibbons v. Ogden: Federal government controls interstate commerce
• War of 1812


  1. Causes: French + British violated US neutral rights; British sailor impressment, Frontier Pressure: americans wanted more land, american indians vs. westerners, War Hawks: eager for war

  2. Opposal to war: merchants, federalists, Quids

  3. Approval of war: demo-repub, henry clay

  4. Treaty of Ghent (1814): Ended fighting; British return of conquered territory to US, recognized prewar boundary w/ Canada & U.S

  5. Hartford Convention: Federalist meeting to oppose war + demo-repub, Determined ⅔ vote of both houses to declare future wars

  6. Effect: Nationalism grows stronger, Federalism declines, American indians forced to surrender to white settlement
• The Era of Good Feelings (1815-1824)


  1. Demo-republicans dominate

  2. Heated debates over slavery over tariffs, bank, internal improvement

  3. Tariff of 1816: Raised tariffs to protect US manufacturers from competition

  4. Missouri Compromise (1820): Missouri becomes slave state, Maine is a free state, Slavery prohibited in louisiana territory, 36-30 line, Reduced sectional tensions

  5. Henry Clay System: Protective tariffs that would promote American manufacturing, raise revenue for American transportation system

  6. Monroe constantly vetoed acts of congress; disapproved of spending of federal money
• Nationalism (loyalty to union)


  vs Sectionalism (loyalty to one's region)
• Monroe Doctrine


  Demanded european powers from further colonizing +interfering in newly independent nation affairs, Aimed to solidify US claim of region, Mostly forgotten about bc of domestic issues
• Market Revolution


  • Canals, roads, steam engines, steamboats, railroads, better communication, Made shipping of materials faster, Long distance communication, interchangeable parts —> American System of Manufacturing, Growth of workers + jobs, Cotton gin-> cotton king in southern
• Growth of Labor Unions


  • Long hours, poor pay, poor conditions
• Commercial agriculture


  • Farming becomes more commercial
• Industrial cities


  • Immigration from german and irish, cheap labor in manufacturing, slums, cultural diversity, Xenophobia, Growing middle class (disposable income), Women started working, Wealthier women responsible for taking care of their homes
• Jacksonian Era


  Spread of Democracy, Equality becomes more important of american of society, Panic of 1819 (first major recession), Laboring men struggles, wanted right to vote, Lowered property requirements
• Change in Political Parties - election of 1824


  Republicans (federal power - John Quincy Adams & Henry Clay), Democrats (no fed power - Andrew Jackson), Jackson won popular vote, Henry Clay put support in JQA, Corrupt Bargain
• White Male Suffrage


  • State constitutions allowed all white males to vote + hold office, Political offices allowed to be held by low and high ranks
• Jackson elected in 1824


  Presented himself protector of common man, vetoed bills that favored wealthy, Opposed federal spending +national debt
• Indian Removal Act (1830)


  Forced relocation of thousands of American Indians, Cherokee v. Georgia: SC rules Cherokee not foreign nation w/ right to sue
• Nullification Crisis (1828)


  Tariff of Abominations (1828) declared constitutional, 1832: South Carolina forbid collection of taxes, Force Act: gave Jackson authority to act against South C, Proclamation to people of South C: Stated disnufflification + disunion treason
• Bank Veto


  Creation of Two Party System: Future presidents +electors have to be national backed by political parties, Supporters of Jackson: Democrats, Supported of Henry Clay: Whigs
• Panic of 1837


  Jackson's opposition to rechartering Bank of US one cause, High inflation, Whigs blamed democrats
• New American Culture


  • Transcendentalism: Questioned doctrines of established churches and business practice of merchant class, Art more important than money, Supported abolitionism, Ralph Emerson: Argued self reliance, independence,, spiritual matters, Utopian society, Henry Thoreau: Felt strongly against US war with mexico, Supported isolationism, Encouraged civil disobedience, Romanticism: emphasis on reason, order, balance, institution, and individualism, Hudson River School, as it was called, expressed the Romantic Age's fascination with the natural world
• Second Great Awakening + Reform

  • Reassertion of calvinist teachings of original sin and predestination, inclusive meetings (egalitarian), more denominations, moral reformation society —> temperance movement, mormonism (persecuted —> went to Utah), Abolitionism: The Liberator (Garrison radical abolitionism), american anti-slavery society, White owners stricter rules on slaves, fear of revolt, Nat Turner's Rebellion (Virginia) (killed 50 white peple but killed), increased fear of rebellion —> harder restrictions, Yeoman farmers (no slaves) still believed in slavery, Temperance Movement: Stopping drinking, Germans + irish opposed temperance, Seneca Falls (Women's Rights) 1848: Declaration of Sentiments —> declared all women and men had equal rights