Exam 1

• Gametogenesis


  Process by which germ cells (sperm and ovum) are produced
• Reproductive cycle


  Average cycle is 28 days
• Menstrual Phase


  Shedding of endometrium and blood (low estrogen)

  
• Proliferative phase


  LH converts follicle to corpus luteum, making progesterone
• Secretory (luteal phase)


  Estrogen decreases and progesterone increases

  
• Ischemic Phase


  If no fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates and estrogen and progesterone drop

  
• Day 1


  First day of menstrual period (LMP)
• Ovulation


  Release of 1 egg each cycle, alive for 24 hours
• Ovulation signs


  • Mittelschmerz
  • Cervical changes
  • Elevated Basal Body Temp
  • Ferning pattern
  • Decreased estrogen
  • Increased progesterone

  
• Fertilization


  Takes place in the outer third of fallopian tubes (the ampulla)
• Progesterone


  Pro-pregnancy, maintains hormone levels

  
• Estrogen


  Causes breast tenderness
• Normal cycle is 28 days, ovulation on day 14
• Estrogen


  Promotes breast tissues, widening of hips, increase uterus size
• Progesterone


  Maintains pregnancy, especially until placenta development
• Prostaglandins (PGs)


  Force contraction, part of morning after pills or abortion
• Mitosis


  Exact copies of previous cell, often for growth
• Meiosis


  Process of cell division that decreases the number of chromosomes by half, occurs in two successive cell divisions
• 46 chromosomes - 23 autosomal pairs, 2 sex chromosomes
• Genotype


  Genetic makeup
• Phenotype


  Observable characteristic
• Eggs


  Made in utero, all present at birth, supply lasts until 40-50 yo (menopause)
• Sperm


  Made at puberty in testes until death, millions released per ejaculation
• Twins


  Fraternal (more common, 2/3) and Identical (1/3)
• Twin to twin transfusion syndrome


  When babies share a placenta but have unequal circulation
• Fertilization


  When ova and sperm form a zygote in the ampulla of the fallopian tube
• Implantation


  Best place is upper 1/3rd of the uterus, blastocyst implants 6 days after fertilization
• Fetal development stages


  • Preembryonic 1-2 weeks
  • Embryonic 3-8 weeks
  • Fetal 8-40 weeks

  
• Placenta


  Does the job of lungs and liver, has maternal and baby sides
• Placenta functions


  • Fetal respiration
  • Nutrition
  • Excretion
  • Endocrine function
  • Special immunologic properties
• Placental hormones

  HPL, estrogen and lactogen

  
• Placental development


  1. Should be set by 10 weeks

  2. Corpus luteum secretes needed hormones until then

  3. If no progesterone→ miscarriages

  
• Placental sides


  • Maternal side (dark aka dirty duncan)
  • Baby side (shiny schultz)
• Umbilical cord

  • Twisted appearance; implanted in middle of placenta to prevent issues with baby
  • Umbilical vein takes oxygenated blood; the arteries take deoxygenated away
  • Surrounded by wharton's jelly→ that white stu
  • Previously the body stalk

  
• Chorion


  Outside layer; looks like liver, gives rise to placenta
• Amnion

  Inside layer; houses amniotic fluid (BIG WATER BALLOON)
• Amniotic fluid functions


  • Cushion/protection
  • Symmetric growth development
  • Float cord
  • Fetal freedom of movement
  • Prevent adherence
  • Aid in labor
  • Fluid analysis
• Too little amniotic fluid later on

  Not enough amniotic fluid to protect the cord, the cord will be compressed which prevents the baby from getting enough oxygen
• Causes of low amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios)


  • Kidney issues or potters
  • Not enough oxygen to baby (baby will send blood to brain and heart instead of kidneys→ placental issue→ should we deliver now?)
• Too much amniotic fluid

  Swallowing issue, other defects (cleft lip/palate etc)