Exam 4

• The closest relative of shrimp species C1 is P1, and the closest relative of shrimp species C2 is P2.  Which geographic model of speciation is most likely to have generated this pattern?

  Allopatric

  
• Which of the following are barriers to reproduction for sexually reproducing species? (Multi)

  1. Can't recognize mate
  2. Reproductive organs mechanically incompatible
  3. Dobzhansky Mueller incompatiblities
  4. Different spawning times

  Cant recognize mate

  Reproductive organs mechanically incompatible

  Dobzhansky Mueller incompatiblities

  Different spawning times
• Approximately how many thousand years ago did brown and polar bear species begin to diverge?

  500

  
• T or F: The speed of speciation is very uniform, and it always takes a long time.

  False
• Name that barrier to reproduction: two corals spawn at different times

  Pre mating barrier
• Name that barrier to reproduction: one flowering plant is pollinated by bees, the other by birds

  Pre mating barrier
• Name that barrier to reproduction: sperm proteins cannot "unlock" egg

  Post mating, pre zygotic barrier
• Name that barrier to reproduction: the offspring of donkeys and horses are sterile (mules, hinnies)

  Post zygotic barrier
• When two populations that were isolated come into secondary contact, hybrids are less fit than individuals from either population. This results in selection against hybridization, also known as ___________________________.

  Reinforcement
•  In this example, individuals with the a and b alleles are less fit.  This is an example of

  Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller Incompatibility
• Before Homo sapiens, and before Homo heidelbergensus, Homo erectus colonized most continents.  What adaptation was likely the most critical for all of these lineages to colonized the world?

  Long legs and arched feet suited to long-distance walking and running
•  How many million years ago did the brain capacity of our ancestors expand to 600 cc?

  2-3
• T or F: In hominin evolution, the complexity of tools and art are correlated with increased cranial capacity and cognition?

  True
• Which of the following can be used to reliably discriminate between two species using species concepts? (Multi)

  1. independently evolving lineages
  2. reproductive isolation
  3. monophyletic clades with unique derived traits
  4. they look different
  5. specific unique adaptations/functions
  6. < 97% similar 16S rRNA

  independently evolving lineages

  reproductive isolation

  monophyletic clades with unique derived traits

  specific unique adaptations/functions

  < 97% similar 16S rRNA
• What is good evidence for tool use?

  Shaped, worked rocks such as a flake scraper

  Bones with cut marks that could not be made by teeth
• How can we determine if a hominin walked upright?

  Pelvis

  Femur

  Stone tools
• T or F: Homo erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens all were extant at the same time, and likely encountered each other.

  True
• Denisovans and Neanderthals diverged between Eastern Asia/Australia and Europe/Western Asia, respectively.  Is there evidence that H. sapiens and H. denisova interbred?

  No
• Myxoma virus was introduced to Australia in 1950 to control invasive non-native rabbits because it was highly lethal.  The virulence of myxoma ranges from I (highly deadly) to V (mild). Which of the following are consistent with the figure?

  Rabbits were bottlnecked by virus

  The rabbits evolved to become more resistant to the virus

  The virus evolved to become less deadly
• _____________ is defined as the abundance or density of a population affecting selective pressures, such as in predator-prey relationships.

  frequency-dependent selection
• How should the evolutionary relationship between figs and their obligate wasp species be classified?

  mutalism (pos-pos)
•  What would be considered "cheating" by the wasp?

  Females lay eggs in same fig in which they hatched

  Males don't dig exit tunnels

  
• Referring to the figure, can fox behavior evolve?

  Yes

  
• T or F: Nervous systems are sometimes preserved in fossils and can be studied.

  True
• The image shows neuronal proteins in humans. True or false, some neuronal protiens in humans share a common ancester with protiens in plants.

  True

  
• Which of the following are the most likely "ultimate" explanations for the differences in behavior between fresh and saltwater sticklebacks

  Schooling reduces fitness of sticklebacks in freshwater because there are fewer predators

  
• T or F: Fruit flies selected for high learning capacity live longer, demonstrating that there is no energetic cost involved with learning.

  False
• T or F: Humans are the only animals that can solve complex, novel puzzles.

  False
• Adaptive radiations, which are phenomena where one species diversifies into several species that occupy different niches. They occur when ____________.

  originations eclipse extinctions

  an area with depauperate species diversity is colonized

  a key innovation (adaptation) like wings enables the exploitation of new niches
• In the figure, each cichlid fish is a different species from 2 African lakes. The pairs of fish are morphologically similar. The columns of fish are genetically similar. Which of the following contributed to the development of these species?

  Convergent evolution

  Adaptive radiation

  Ecological opportunity (undercontested resources)

  Similar conditions in the two lakes

  
• The image depicts a model describing why the Cambrian explosion occurred.  Which of the following likely contributed to the Cambrian explosion?

  Increases in oxygenation

  Sea level rise

  Ecological opportunity

  Increases in calcium ions