Paper 2 - OCR PE

• Media coverage and focus tends to encourage elderly people to be spectators rather than participants in sports and physical activities
• Younger working parents have less time for family commitments and taking their children to places, and less time for their own physical activity and going to the gym
• As people get older, they tend to have more financial commitments and less disposable income for physical activity and disability adaptations
• There are some good examples of physical activities adapted for the elderly, like walking football and lawn bowls
• Discrimination


  Different cultural attitudes towards the importance of sport and physical activity
• There are role-specific stereotypes for different races, like the 'fast black athlete' and 'smart white athlete', which can lead to a phenomenon called 'stacking' where people are placed into certain roles based on their ethnic background
• There is a disproportionate lack of non-white role models in some sporting roles, like coaching and administration
• Recent migrants to a country may have less understanding of the local sports and customs
• Sport is traditionally seen as a male phenomenon, and female sport is often undervalued in terms of media coverage and pay
• Females tend to have less disposable income than males on average, which can affect their participation in sports
• Females often have more domestic and family commitments, which can leave them with less time for physical activity
• Females tend to participate in different sports at school compared to males, like hockey and netball rather than rugby
• When analysing data on sports participation, it is important to break down the data by gender and look at the differences between male and female participation
• Sportsmanship


  Examples: Kicking the ball out of play when an opponent is injured, clapping and shaking hands with opponents, walking when you know you're out in cricket. Values: Respect, fairness, reducing risk of injury, promoting the sport and positive role models
• Gamesmanship


  Examples: Exaggerating fouls, diving, time-wasting. Reasons: To improve chances of winning without breaking the rules
• Deviance


  Examples: Using performance-enhancing drugs, violence, illegal gambling. Reasons: To gain an unfair advantage, pressure to win, financial reward, frustration with officials, copying others
• Anabolic steroids


  Testosterone-based supplements that increase muscle mass and strength, but are illegal in most sports
• Beta blockers


  Substances that control heart rate, reduce tension and anxiety, and improve concentration, used in some sports like archery and shooting
• Stimulants


  Substances that increase alertness, energy and focus, but are banned in most sports
• Steroids will increase muscle mass, increase strength, and allow for faster recovery
• Using steroids is completely illegal apart from those with a Therapeutic Use Exemption
• Beta blockers


  Substances that control heart rate, keep you calm, lower tension, and block adrenaline receptors
• Beta blockers


  • Improve concentration
  • Useful for sports like archery and pistol shooting to steady the hand
  • Not useful for sports like boxing that require quick reactions
• Beta blockers are banned in some sports but not others
• Stimulants


  Substances like caffeine and amphetamines that arouse the brain, increase heart rate, aggression, competitiveness, alertness, and delay fatigue
• Stimulants can have problems like addiction, cardiovascular issues, liver damage, and insomnia
• Reasons athletes use performance enhancing drugs (PEDs)

  • Increase chance of winning/getting drafted
  • Desire for fame and recognition
  • Avoid hard work required to improve naturally
• Performance enhancing drugs can lead to reputational damage, bans, loss of sponsorship, and health risks
• The culture of competitiveness, rewards, and deviance in some sports makes it likely that athletes will use PEDs even if they are ethical
• The use of PEDs damages the reputation of sports, leads to successful performances being treated with suspicion, and reduces sponsorship and spectatorship
• Detecting and preventing PED use requires significant investment in anti-doping efforts
• The use of PEDs by one athlete on a relay team can lead to the entire team losing their medals
• Skill


  • Efficient use of time and energy
  • Predetermined likely outcome
  • Coordinated movements following correct technique
  • Fluent and aesthetically pleasing
• Goal setting


  • Motivates
  • Optimises performance
  • Informs progress
  • Builds confidence
  • Reduces stress and anxiety
  • Provides focus
  • Promotes training adherence
• SMART goals


  • Specific
  • Measurable
  • Achievable
  • Recorded
  • Timed
• Mental preparation


  • Imagery (visualising success)
  • Mental rehearsal (going over actions and strategies)
  • Selective attention (blocking out distractions)
  • Positive thinking (stopping negative thoughts, using self-talk)
• Guidance


  Providing visual aids, demonstrations, and creating mental pictures for beginners to understand new skills
• Guidance should draw attention to specific aspects to focus on
• Guidance


  How we introduce new information to learners for the first time
• Guidance methods


  • Visual
  • Verbal
  • Manual
  • Mechanical