Unit 5

• Causes of the civil war


  - Disagreement over slavery/expansion of slavery

  - Growing desire to abolish slavery

  - Growing sectionalism between North & South
• Fugitive Slave Act 1850


  Northerners had to return runaway slaves if they caught them (many didn't)
• Dred Scott v Sandford 1857


  Ruled that African Americans cannot be U.S. citizens and that Congress has no power to forbid slavery in U.S. territories
• Free Soil Party 1848


  Opposed expansion of slavery in new territories but did not oppose slavery in the south/in general (free Soilers wanted these new territories for white land)
• Harriet Tubman


  Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad to the North (not an actual railroad)
• Uncle Tom's Cabin


  - Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe advocating abolition

  - Highly influenced England's view on the South and slavery

  - "Little lady who started the war"
• Compromise of 1850


  - Cali becomes a free state

  - Slave trade banned in D.C.

  - Fugitive slave act

  - Popular sovereignty
• Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854


  - Repealed Missouri Compromise by allowing slavery past the 36'30 line

  - People voted for slavery through popular sovereignty
• "Bleeding" Kansas


  (1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state (become free)
• Lecompton Constitution (1857)


  Buchanan supported slavery but it was rejected by congress
• Election of 1860


  - Abraham Lincoln won

  - South felt like they no longer had a voice over the north, so they seceded from the union (SC goes first)
• Crittenden Compromise


  - Last effort to save the union before the southern states had seceded

  - Proposed to protect slavery in any state it existed in

  - Proposed extension of Missouri line to California border

  - Ultimately rejected by Congress
• What were the border states?


  Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri
• Northern advantages in the Civil War


  - More population

  - Controlled transportation (railroads, telegraph, etc.)

  - Stronger navy

  - Established gov./leadership of Lincoln

  - Anaconda plan
• Southern advantages in the Civil War


  - Defensive war (defense rather than offense)

  - Size of territory made it harder to control

  - Had best military leaders (Robert E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson)

  - Cotton pipeline to England

  - Fighting on own terrain
• Border states


  - States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri

  - Lincoln wanted these states to help the Union/North fight

  - Strategic location (Ohio River was key to the west)
• Anaconda plan


  Northern strategy to block southern ports to cut off trade and conquer the MS river to split the confed. in two
• Emancipation Proclamation of 1863


  - Lincoln said he would free all the southern slaves

  - Enslaved escaped to the Union to help fight

  - Closed the door to British involvement

  - Reframed war goals from preserving the Union to also freeing all the slaves

  - Leads to African Americans in the army (54th Massachusetts)
• John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry


  - John Brown led a raid on US arsenal in VA wanting to start a slave rebellion

  - Viewed as martyred bc of his dedication to end slavery but also viewed as a terrorist bc of used violence
• Amendment 10/X


  Any rights not given to federal government are given to the states and people
• Antienam/Sharpsburg


  - Bloodiest day of the Civil War

  - First Union win

  - Lincoln issued Emancipation proclamation

  - Confederate plans fell into Union hands
• Gettysburg


  - Bloodiest battle of entire war

  - Turning point of the war

  - Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address
• Gettysburg address


  Lincoln gives a speech to dedicate soldiers, ideals of democracy, and equality
• Vicksburg


  - Union controlled the Mississippi River (split the confederacy into two and cut off their supply lines)

  - Union had a strategic advantage to isolate confederate forces
• What years was the Civil War?

  1861-1865
• Copperheads/peace democrats


  Northern democrats who opposed the civil war (betrayal lol)
• Martial law


  Military rule (esp border states) to prevent the spread of rebellion
• Suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus


  Individuals could now be detained w/o a trial if they were suspected of supporting the Union
• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% plan)


  If 10% of a state's voting population pledged loyalty to the Union and accepted the abolition of slavery, then that state gov. could be readmitted into the Union
• Wades-Davis Bill


  - 50% of voters had to take a loyalty oath

  - Only non-confederates could vote

  - Thaddeus Stevens was the leader
• Tenure of Office Act


  - Impeached Johnson

  - Senate now had to approve of the president removing officeholders
• Andrew Johnson


  - President during reconstruction

  - 1st to be impeached
• Military reconstruction


  - South now under military occupation

  - Confederate states split into 5 districts

  - Under control of the Union army
• Scalawags


  Southern republicans who helped the Blacks
• Carpetbaggers


  Northern businessmen who moved to the south to take advantage of their economic opportunities —> some helped though
• Freedmen's Bureau


  Assisted Africans by providing food, shelter, etc.
• Share cropping


  African Americans and poor whites would work on a land owned by another in return for small pay or some crops
• Jefferson Davis


  President of the Confederacy
• Ulysses S. Grant


  Union general, 18th president
• Rutherford Hayes


  19th president, Republican