bio240 final

• The Central Dogma: DNA makes RNA which makes proteins which contributes to phenotypes
• Phenotype: Any quality that can be measured by some assay, whether or not this characteristic is inherited
• Bases of DNA: Deoxyribose, nucleotide base, triphosphate
• Deoxyribose has a sugar with 5 carbon atoms. 4 form a ring around oxygen, one does not.
• DNA: -OH is on the 3 prime end
• DNA: Phosphate attaches at the 5-prime end, first group out from that attaches to the 3-prime end
• dNTP has three phosphates, DNA has one
• DNA has a net negative charge
• DNA is the template for RNA, RNA is the template for proteins
• Proteins can have multiple polypeptides
• Complementary: When one strand can be correctly inferred based on the other strand
• Hybridization: A DNA probe becoming denatured and annealing to make a new double stranded molecule
• Gene regulation = Transcription regulation
• Coding region: Will be represented in the final mature mRNA and translated into amino acids
• Oligonucleotide: Short 20-50 stranded DNA
• Upstream: Higher from the ATG start sequence; containing the core promoter and cis-regulatory module
• Regulatory region: when, where, and how much of the protein product is made
• Core promotor/TSS: Necessary for the start of transcription, but does not regulate specificity
• CRM: Upstream of core promoter; contain sites for proteins to bind to in order to control transcription
• Coding sequence: Same sequence as RNA
• Non-coding/template strand: Compliment of RNA, not transcribed
• Transcription profile: RNA molecules being made as a result of transcription factors
• Microarray technique: Identifies unique sequence tags for each gene and synthesizes thousands of copies onto chip
• Hybridizing a microarray chip: Isolate RNA in bulk, make labeled cDNAs, hybridize cDNA to microarray, scan for intensity
• Microarray used for: Studying transcription on a genome-wide scale, which strand is being transcribed, which sequences are present or absent, how the pattern is different
• RNA-seq: sequencing cDNA
• Ploidy: The number of sets of chromosomes found in the nucleus of an organism\
• Allele: Slightly different DNA sequence of the same gene
• Haploid: Only have one copy of each chromosome
• Diploid: Have two copies of each chromosome
• Counting ploidy: Count centromeres
• Counting chromosomes and counting ploidy is the same
• Homologous chromosomes are a copy of the same chromosome
• Sister chromatids are nearly identical copies of the same DNA sequence
• Loci/locus: A type of address used to locate a gene in the genome
• Homologous chromosomes are similar in having the same genetic sequence but have different sequences
• Between sister chromatids and sister chromosomes, which one has the most differences?

  Chromosomes
• Alternative splicing: Differences in splicing introns/exons in a gene, creating two polypeptides with different amino acids
• Most mutations will have no effect
• Missense: One amino acid is replaced by another