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• Intentional Torts


  Torts that are meant to be harmful and may be crimes
• Defamation


  • Injuring a person's name and reputation by making false statements to a third person
• Libel


  • Making false statements in print, in writing (including e-mail and text messages), through pictures or drawings, through broadcast (radio, TV, or video), posted on-line on websites, or through video sites and social media sites
• Slander


  • Making false statements through the spoken word, sounds, sign language
• Body language


  • Many messages are sent through body language
  • Slumped posture may mean the person is not happy or not feeling well
  • A person may deny pain but stand, sit, or lie in a certain way to protect a body part
• Your body language


  • Should show interest, caring, respect, and enthusiasm
• You will often need to control your body language
• • Control reactions to odors from body fluids or the person's body
  • The person cannot control some odors
  • Embarrassment increases if you react to odors
• See Caring About Culture: Body Language
• Facial expressions


  Through facial expressions, Americans may communicate
• Coldness


  • There is a constant stare
  • Face muscles do not move
• Fear


  • Eyes are wide open
  • Eyebrows are raised
  • The mouth is tense with the lips drawn back
• Anger


  • Eyes are fixed in a hard stare
  • Upper lids are lowered
  • Eyebrows are drawn down
  • Lips are slightly compressed
• Tiredness


  • Eyes are rolled upward
• Disapproval


  • Eyes are rolled upward
• Disgust


  • Eyes are narrowed
  • The upper lip is curled
  • There are nose movements
• Embarrassment


  • Eyes are turned away or down
  • The face is flushed
  • Pretending to smile
  • Rubbing the eyes, nose, or face
  • Twitching the hair, beard, or mustache
• Surprise


  • The person has a direct gaze with raised eyebrows
• White blood cells (WBCs)


  Also called leukocytes, they have no color and protect the body against infection
• There are about 5,000 to 10,000 WBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood
• WBCs respond to infection


  1. At the first sign of infection, WBCs rush to the infection site

  2. WBCs multiply rapidly
• The number of WBCs increases when there is an infection
• WBCs


  Formed by the bone marrow, they live for about 9 days
• Restraints


  • Last resort for protection
  • Used only when less restrictive measures fail to protect the person or others
  • Not used without seeking to identify and address the condition causing the medical symptom
  • Must be discontinued as soon as possible
• Chapters 11 and 12 have many safety lessons present dangers to themselves or others (including staff)
• Safety is the priority
• Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)


  Has rules for restraint use
• CMS rules


  Protect the person's right to be free from restraint
• Restraints may only be used


  1. For a brief time to treat a medical symptom that would require restraint use

  2. For the immediate physical safety of the person or others
• Brushing and Combing Hair

  1. Frequency and timing are personal

  2. May be part of early morning care, morning care, or afternoon care

  3. Some people brush and comb before meals, before visitors arrive, and at bedtime
• Brushing and Combing Hair


  • Encourage patients and residents to do their own hair care
  • The person chooses how to brush, comb, and style hair
  • Assist as needed
• Daily brushing and combing prevent matted and tangled hair
• Braiding also prevents matted and tangled hair
• You need the person's consent to braid hair
• Never cut the person's hair
• BM


  Bowel movement
• Answer call lights promptly. Some people cannot get to a bathroom in time. Soiling results. Assist the person with hygiene needs and garment changes as needed. Be patient and kind.
• The person cannot control BMs
• Clostridioides difficile (Clostridium difficile [C. difficile])


  A microbe that causes diarrhea and intestinal infections
• Commonly called C. diff, it can cause death