EURO UNIT 1

• 95 Theses


  It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.
• Act of Supremacy


  Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.
• Age of Exploration


  Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.
• Anabaptist


  in the Reformation, a member of a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state
• Atlantic Slave Trade


  Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.
• balance of power


  distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
• Bureaucracy


  a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
• Catherine de Medici


  (1547-1589) The wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons.
• Catholic Reformation


  a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation
• centralization


  decision authority is located near the top of the organization
• Charles I of England


  Son of King James; Charles also believed in the divine right of Kings and wanted to force his religious policies among the Puritans. The Puritans saw this as the return of Catholic practices and fled to America instead. He was executed by Oliver Cromwell.
• Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire


  Issued the Edict of Worms( (Luther is an outlaw and heretic, don't help him), Hapsburg ruler of Spain, a native of Flanders, who was also the Holy Roman Emperor
• Christian Humanism


  a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church
• Commercial Revolution


  A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.
• constitutional monarchy


  A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.
• Council of Trent


  Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
• Dutch East India Company


  A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British
• Edict of Nantes


  document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots
• Elizabeth I of England


  During it a secure Church of England was established. Its doctrines were laid down in the 39 Articles of 1563, a compromise between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.
• Enclosure Movement


  The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.
• English Civil War


  Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
• Erasmus


  (1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly. Book critisized religious and political leaders.
• Ferdinand & Isabella


  During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.
• Francis Bacon


  (1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning. (scientific method)
• French Wars of Religion


  (1562-1598) Huguenots vs. Catholics results in Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) taking the throne as Henry IV, caused by calvinism and catholicism. aggressive in trying to win converts to their religion, went over eachothers authority. Known as the HApsburg-Valois Wars. The war started with the ruler Charles V trying to change the religion, but he was too busy fighting his opponents.
• Galileo Galilei


  This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.
• Gentry


  Wealthy landowning class
• Glorious Revolution


  A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
• Gustavus Adolphus


  joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen
• Hanseatic League


  An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.
• Henry IV of France


  Orginally Henry of Navarre. He was a Politique . He became a Catholic because he knew most of France was Catholic. He gave the Huguenots religious liberty. His rule paved the way for French absolutism and helped restore internal peace in France.
• Henry VIII of England


  Tudor King of England who launched the English Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church opposed his actions of divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Also: severed ties with Rome and allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time.
• Henry VII of England


  established the Tudor dynasty and ended the War of the Roses by marrying Elizabeth of York
• Huguenots


  French Protestants influenced by John Calvin
• humanism


  A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
• individualism


  a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.
• Isaac Newton


  Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.
• James I of England


  Divine right of kings, absolutist, Abandons the parliament, and alienates the puritans
• Jan Van Eyck


  Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life
• Jesuits


  members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola