TFN

• Theory


  A system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon, an attempt to explain relationship between concepts, came from a Greek word "theoria" which mean speculate
• Concepts


  Often called as the "building blocks" of theories, abstract ideas of phenomena, derived from cultural belief, abstract: mentally constructed independently of a specific time or place, concrete: directly experienced and related to a particular time or place
• Assumptions


  Are accepted as truths and are based on values and beliefs
• Epistemology


  Theories of knowledge or how people come to have knowledge
• Hypotheses


  Tentative suggestions that a specific relationship exist between two concepts
• Knowledge


  Awareness of reality acquired through insight, learning or investigation
• Laws


  Proposition about the relationship between concepts in a theory that has been repeatedly validated
• Definitions


  To convey the general meaning of the concepts of the theory, theoretical: a particular concept based on the theorist's perspective, operational: states how concepts are measured
• Phenomenon


  To describe an idea or response about an event, a situation, a process, a group of events, or a group of situations
• Philosophy


  Are beliefs and values that define a way of thinking and are generally known and understood by a group or discipline
• Models


  Are representations of the interaction among and between the concept showing pattern
• Conceptual Framework


  Is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts
• Proposition


  Are statements that describe the relationship between the concepts
• Domain


  Is the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline
• Process


  Are organized steps, changes, or functions intended to bring about the desired result
• Paradigm


  Refers to a pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world, worldview, or widely accepted value system
• Metaparadigm


  Is the most general statement of discipline and functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models develop, much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating relationships among four major concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing
• Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her "Environmental Theory" as the act of utilizing the patient's environment to assist him in his recovery


  1860
• Hildegard Peplau introduced her "Theory of Interpersonal Relations" that emphasizes the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice


  1952
• Virginia Henderson developed "Nursing Need Theory" which conceptualized the nurse's role in assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs


  1955
• Faye Glenn Abdellah published her work "Typology of 21 Nursing Problems" which shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach


  1960
• Ida Jean Orlando viewed the professional function of nursing as finding out and meeting the patient's immediate need for help


  1962
• Dorothy Johnson pioneered the "Behavioral System Model" and upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness


  1968
• Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both a science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe


  1970
• Dorothea Orem – nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill needs


  1970
• Imogene King's "Theory of Goal Attainment" – nurse-patient relationship in meeting goals


  1971
• Betty Neuman – many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability, stress reduction is the goal


  1972
• Sr. Callista Roy – maintain the balance between various stimuli for adaptation


  1979
• Jean Watson developed the philosophy of caring highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing


  1979
• Historical Evolution of Nursing


  • Period of Intuitive Nursing (Medieval)
  • Period of Apprentice Nursing (Middle Age)
  • Period of Educated Nursing (Nightingale Era 19th to 20th Century)
  • Period of Contemporary Nursing (20th Century)
• Historical Eras


  • Curriculum – nursing education shifted from hospital-based diploma programs into college and universities
  • Research Emphasis – research was a path to new knowledge; it became part of the curriculum of developing graduate programs
  • Graduate Education – master's program in nursing emerged in order to meet the need for nurses with specialized education training, nursing theory and conceptual model were included as courses
  • Theory Era – outgrowth of research era, research produced without theory produced isolated information while research produced with theory produced nursing science
• Standard of Practice (ADPIE)


  1. Assessment – collect relevant data to the patient's health or situation

  2. Diagnosis – RN analyzes the assessment data to determine diagnoses or issues

  3. Planning – RN develops a plan that describes strategies and alternatives that attain expected outcomes

  4. Implementation – RN implements identified plan

  5. Evaluation – RN evaluates progress toward attainment outcomes
• Code of Ethics


  • Beneficence – act of doing what is good and right for the patient
  • Non-maleficence – doing no harm, avoid and minimize the risk to the patient
  • Justice – fairness and impartiality without regard to a patient's race, age, sexual orientation, and economic status
  • Autonomy – accepting the patient with the right to his/her opinion, value, belief to make decision
  • Fidelity – being faithful to a person, belief or cause (keeping promise)
  • Accountability – accepting responsibility
  • Veracity – principle of truth-telling
• Nursing Theories


  Organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what they do, and why they do it, provide a way to define nursing as a unique discipline, guide the practice of nursing at a more concrete and specific level
• Types of Nursing Theories


  • Speculative – yet to be tested through research and found to be consistently true in answering questions, solving problems, and exploring phenomenon
  • Established – accumulation of facts, principles, and laws that have been repeatedly tested through research over time and found to be consistently valid and reliable
• Scope


  • Grand Theory – broadest in scope, represents the most abstract level of development, addresses the broad phenomena of concern within the discipline
  • Middle-range Theory – addresses more concrete and more narrowly defined phenomena, intended to answer questions about nursing phenomena yet they did not cover the full range
  • Micro-range Theory – concrete and narrow in scope, it explains a specific phenomenon of concern about a discipline
• Function


  • Descriptive – to identify properties and workings of a discipline
  • Explanatory – to examine how properties relate and this affect the discipline
  • Predictive – to calculate relationships between properties and how they occur
  • Prescriptive – to identify under which conditions relationships occur
• Philosophy


  • "Needs" Theories – are based on helping individuals to fulfill their physical and mental needs
  • "Interaction" Theories – as described by Peplau, it revolves around the relationship's nurses from with patients
  • "Outcome" Theories – portray the nurse as the changing force
  • "Humanistic" Theories – emphasizes a person's capacity for self-actualization
• Significance of Nursing Theories


  • Discipline – contribute to the development of nursing as a distinct academic discipline, provide a framework for organizing knowledge, conducting research, and advancing evidence-based practice in nursing, help establish nursing as a science by promoting critical thinking, logical reasoning, and systematic inquiry
  • Profession – guide professional nursing practice by providing a basis for decision-making, problem-solving, and clinical judgment, enhance the professional identity of nurses by defining their unique role in healthcare delivery, promote collaboration among healthcare professionals and interdisciplinary teamwork, contribute to the development of ethical standards and professional values in nursing
• History and Philosophy of Science


  Is concerned with the study of scientific inquiry from a philosophical perspective, it examines the nature of scientific knowledge, the methods used to acquire it, and the ethical and social implications of scientific discoveries, is an interdisciplinary field that draws on insights from philosophy, history, sociology, and other disciplines, is concerned with understanding how scientific knowledge is produced, evaluated, and disseminated, examines how scientific discoveries have shaped society and culture throughout history