Reviewer

• Research Methodology

  • Discusses the overall plan of the research and how the researchers will carry out the data collection methods.
• Parts of the Research Methodology

  1. Research Design
  2. Population and Sampling Techniques
  3. Research Instrument
  4. Data Gathering Procedure
  5. Statistical Treatment of Data
• Descriptive Research - describe the status of the variable/s under investigation.
• Descriptive Normative Survey

  • Describe the trend of the variable by surveying the representative sample of a population.
• Correlational Research Study

  • Investigates how the different variables are related to one another.
• Descriptive Evaluative Study

  • Longitudinal study - changes of the variable in an age group over a period of time.
  • Cross-Sectional studies - involve different age groups
• Descriptive Comparative Study

  • Establish significant differences between two or more groups of subjects based on criteria.
• Assessment/Evaluation Study

  • Determine the effectiveness of a policy/practice.
• Experimental Research - Uses scientific method to identify and impose control over all other variables except one.
• SIngle Group Pre-Test Post-Test Design

  Group - Pre-Test - Without Treatment Factor - Post Test - Pre-Test - Treatment Factor - Post-Test
• Pre-test Post-test Control Group Design

  Control Group - Pre-test - Post-test

  Experimental Group - Pre-test - Treatment factor - Post-test
• Historical Research

  • Collects, verifies, and synthesises evidences from the past to establish facts that support or reject the research hypothesis.
  • Secondary sources.
  • Primary documentary evidences.
  • Non-textual sources.

  Data Collection - Data Analysis - Report of Findings
• Population

  • The entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
• Sample

  • Is the specific group that you will collect data from.
• Sampling

  • The process of selecting few (a sample) from a bigger group (a population) to become the basis for predicting the prevalence of an unknown piece of information, situation, or outcome, regarding the bigger group.
• The larger the sample size, the more accurate the findings.
• The size of the sample is always less than the total size of the population.
• Slovin's Formula

  • May be used in combination with probability sampling techniques (stratified sampling, cluster sampling, random sampling, etc.)
  • Used to compute for the sample size using the population and a margin of error.
• Margin of Error

  • Percentage you allot just in case errors/miscalculation happen in the results of the sampling process.
  • 0.05, 0.02, 0.01
• Slovin's Formula

  n = N/1 + Ne²

  n = sample size

  N = population

  e = margin of error
• Research Instrument

  • A tool used to collect data relevant to the study that you are conducting. A good research instrument should be validated and proven reliable.
• Classifications of Research Instrument

  1. Standardised Instrument
  2. Researcher made instrument
  3. Modified standardised instrument
• Research Instruments used in qualitative research

  1. Observation
  2. Interview
  3. Focus group discussion
  4. Document analysis
• Research instruments used in quantitative research

  1. Survey
  2. Questionnaires
  3. Checklist
  4. Tests
• Instrument

  • Device used to collect data from the respondents/participants.

  1. Questionnaire
  2. Rating scales (5-point or 4-point Likert scale)
  3. Interview Guide
  4. Observation Forms
  5. Tally Sheets
  6. Checklist
  7. Tests (Pre-test and/or Post-test)
  8. Personality Inventories
• Research Instrument

  • Write the introductory statement.

  Construction

  • Discuss the content of the instrument, how it was created and organized.

  Validation

  • Narrate the process how you validated your instrument, what type of validation you used, who are your validators and how many validated your instrument.
• Common Scales Used in Quantitative Research

  1. Likert Scale

  • This is the most common scale used in quantitative research. Respondents were asked to rate or rank statements according to the scale provided.
  • 2. Semantic Differential
  • In this scale, a series of bipolar adjectives will be rated by the respondents. This scale seems to be more advantageous since it is more flexible and easy to construct.
• Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument

  1. Concise

  • It is concise in length yet can elicit the needed data.

  1. Sequential

  • Questions or items must be arranged well. It is recommended to arrange it from simplest to the most complex. In this way, the instrument will be more favorable to the respondents to answer.

  1. Valid and reliable

  • The instrument should pass the tests of validity and reliability to get more appropriate and accurate information.

  1. Easily tabulated

  • Before crafting the instruments, the researcher makes sure that the variable and research questions are established.
• Ways in Developing Research Instrument

  There are three ways you can consider in developing the research instrument for your study. First is adopting an instrument from the already utilized instruments from previous related studies. The second way is modifying an existing instrument when the available instruments do not yield the exact data that will answer the research problem. And the third way is when the researcher made his own instrument that corresponds to the variable and scope of his current study.
• Instrumentation

  • The process how the instrument was made, validated, tested, and used.
• Validity

  • A valid instrument measures what it intends to measure.
• Types of validity:

  1. Face validity

  • Grammar, format, alignment of questions to SOP.

  1. Construct validity

  • The extent to which the instrument measure the criterion being studied.

  1. Content validity

  • How well the instrument measures the individual aspects of the criterion.

  1. Criterion Validity

  • How related the instrument is to other instrument that measures the same variable.
• Reliability

  • Consistency of the research instrument
  • "All valid instruments are reliable, but not all reliable instruments are valid."
• Data Gathering Procedure

  • Narrates how the researchers administered the test/survey.
• Sources of data in data gathering:

  1. Primary Data

  • Controlled Environment - experiments
  • Uncontrolled Environment - observation, survey, interview, test

  1. Secondary Data

  • Paper-based
  • Electronic
• Data Gathering Procedure

  1. Narrate the data gathering process after the instrument has been created and approved.
  2. Discuss the various stages and procedures that were included in the data gathering process (securing of permit, etc.)
  3. Include limitations encountered during the data gathering process.
  4. Discuss distribution and recovery of the instrument.
• Statistical Treatment of Data

  1. Statistics
  2. Descriptive
  3. MCT - mean, percentage
  4. MOV - Standard deviation, variance, range
  5. Inferential
  6. Parametric - T-test, Pearson's correlation, ANOVA
• Descriptive Statistics

  Measures of Central Tendency

  1. Mean - the arithmetic average of the distribution
  2. Median - the middle value that separates the higher value and the lower value equally.
  3. Mode - the most frequently occurring value

  Measures of Variability

  1. Standard Deviation - measure of dispersion around the mean.
  2. Variance - the square of the standard deviation.
  3. Range - difference between maximum and minimum.
• T-test

  • Allows the comparison of them mean of 2 groups.

  Types of T-test

  1. Independent-samples t-test

  • Applies when there are two separate populations to compare.

  1. Paired-samples t-test

  • Appropriate when there are two measures to be compared for a single population.
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

  • A general method of drawing conclusions regarding differences of population means when two or more comparison groups are involved.
  • The t-test is a special case of ANOVA when considering only two groups.