GENETICS

• a search dog who led rescuers to the area where the final survivor of the World Trade Center attacks was burried. 

  Trakr
• Genetically identical copy of an organism.

  clone
• An exact genetic copy of an existing individual can be produced by a laboratory procedure in which the nucleus of an unfertilized egg is replaced with the nucleus of a donor’s somatic cell. 


  somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
• means making an identical copy of something, and it can refer to deliberate interventions intended to produce a genetic copy of an organism.

  Cloning
• is any technology that produces clones of an animal from a single cell

  reproductive cloning
• It is the basis of the continuity of life, the genetic bridge between generations. The source of form and function, passes from parent to offspring.

   DNA
• Of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, constricted region where sister chromatids attach to each other.

  centromere
• A structure that consists of DNA together with associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell’s genetic information.

  chromosome
• Type of protein that associates with the DNA double helix; one of many proteins that structurally organize eukaryotic chromosomes.

  histone
• Each nucleotide has three components: a nitrogen-containing base, a five-carbon sugar, and phosphate groups
• A phosphate group joins one sugar to the next. These links form the sugar–phosphate backbone of each strand.
• Hydrogen bonds between paired bases hold the strands together.
• The two identical halves of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome are called sister chromatids.
• Cells with two sets of chromosomes are diploid, or 2n
• Image of an individual cell's complement of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location.

  karyotype
• Enzyme that carries out DNA synthesis during DNA replication; uses a DNA template to assemble a complementary strand of DNA.

  DNA polymerase
• Process by which a cell makes copies of its DNA.

  DNA replication
• A primer is a short, single strand of DNA or RNA that serves as an attachment point for DNA polymerase.
• An enzyme called DNA ligase seals any gaps in the sugar–phosphate backbones of the new strands.
• One strand of each molecule is parental (conserved), and the other is new, so replication is said to be semiconservative.
• 3 Stages of DNA Replication

  Initiation Elongation Termination
• A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome is called a mutation.
• Multistep process of converting information encoded in the DNA sequence of a gene into an RNA or protein product.

  gene expression
• Unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA

  gene
• DNA to RNA; Process in which a gene is copied into RNA form (transcribed); RNA synthesis.

  transcription
• Special sequence of bases that functions as a binding site in DNA for RNA polymerase.

  promoter
• RNA that carries a protein-building message.

  messenger RNA (mRNA)
• enzyme that carries out transcription.

  RNA polymerase
• Gene segment that remains in an RNA after modification.

  exon
• Gene segment that intervenes between exons and is removed from a new RNA.

  intron
• RNA component of ribosomes that cause peptide bonds to form between amino acids.

  ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• picks up amino acids in the cytoplasm and carries them to the ribosomes

  transfer RNA (tRNA)
• process of converting the information in a sequence of nucleotides in RNA into a sequence of amino acids known as proteins

  translation
• The protein-building information carried by an mRNA occurs in three-nucleotide units called codons.
• In a tRNA, set of three nucleotides that base-pairs with an mRNA codon.

  anticodon
• Genetic Code is a set of laws that define how DNA's four-letter code is translated into amino acids' 20-letter code, which serves as the building blocks of proteins.
• small sections of DNA that are formed during discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication.

  Okazaki fragments
• NUCLEIC ACID DISCOVERED

  Johann Friedrich Miescher (1869)
• MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF DNA DEFINED -ADENINE (A), GUANINE (G), CYTOSINE (C), AND THYMINE (T)

  Phoebes Levene (1919)
• FOUND THAT DNA CARRIES GENETIC INFORMATION

  Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty (1944)