General Chemistry

• Spontaneity Process- Type of process which does not need the application of energy to take place.
• Spontaneity Processes- these process.that occur naturally. it occurs without outside intervention.
• Process that are spontaneous in one direction are nonspontaneous in the reverse direction.
• Nonspontaneous Process- Type of process which needs the application of energy to take place. A process which needs the use of energy to make something happen.
• Entropy- Is a term coined by Rudolp Clausius in the 19th century. A measure of the degree of disorderliness of a system.
• Entropy- can be thought of as a measure of the randomness of a system. It is related to the various modes of motion in molecules.
• Gaseous State- Highest
• Liquid State- Intermediate
• Solid State- Lowest
• S Gas> S Liquid- Entropy of Gas compared to Entropy Liquid
• S Liquid >S Solid- Entropy of Liquid compared to Entropy of Solid
• Equilibrium- there is a state of balance.
• State of balance- is also referred to as a state of equilibrium.
• State of chemical equilibrium- the two opposing process happen at different rates but a certain point in the reaction will be reached where the rates of the forward and backward reactions are the same.
• Reversible - Reactions in which the products can react to form back the reactants are said to be reversible.
• In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactions and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time.
• Forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse reaction.
• Reactions rates of the forward and backward reactions are generally not zero, but equal.
• No net changes in the concentrations of the reactant(s) and product(s).
• In reversible reactions, the reactants are 

  not completely converted into products and 

  some of the products may be converted 

  back into reactant.
• For the reaction of the reactants referred to as the 

  forward reaction, aA + bB > cC + dD.
• For the reaction of the products referred to as the reverse 

  reaction, cC + dD → aA + bB.
• The rates of the opposing reactions 

  become equal and the system attains 

  equilibrium.
• Such a state is known as dynamic 

  equilibrium.
• At equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction becomes equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
• At equilibrium, The forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates in both directions.