Musculoskeletal System_Zoology

• The musculoskeletal system consist of:

  • Muscles
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
  • Bones
  • Joints
  • Cartilage
  • Bursae
• The primary function of musculoskeletal system is to produce skeletal movements.
• Hematopoiesis - a process which red bone marrow located within bone cavities produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• Hematopoiesis - formation of blood cellular components.
• Muscles - made up of muscle fibers that provide force to move bones and assist in maintaining posture and hest production.
• The process of contraction and relaxation requires large amount of Adenosine Triphosphate.
• • Contraction requires Calcium (as a catalyst).
• 3 Types of Muscle in the Body

  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Smooth or Visceral Muscle
• Skeletal Muscle - voluntary and striated.
• Cardiac Muscle - involuntary and striated.
• Smooth or Visceral Muscle - involuntary and non-striated.
• Tendons - bands of fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to muscles.
• Ligaments - strong, dense and flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting bones to another bones.
• Ligaments - hold bones and joints in correct position.
• Bones - classified according to shape, location, and size.
• Bones - constructed cancellous (trabecular) or cortical (compact) bone tissue.
• Bones support and protect structures of the body, provides attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. It contains tissue in central cavities, which aids formation of blood cells. It also assist in regulating calcium and phosphate concentration.
• The length of bones results from the ossification of epiphyseal cartilage at the end of bones.
• Bone growth stops between ages of 18 and 25 years.
• The width of bones result from activity of osteoblasts (bone forming cell) and occurs throughout life but slows down with aging.
• As aging occurs, osteoclasts (bone resorption) accelerate, decreasing bone mass and predisposing client to injury.
• Function of Bones

  • Locomotion
  • Protection
  • Support and Lever
  • Blood Production
  • Mineral Deposition / Storage
• Bone Compositions

  • Cells
  • Protein Matrix
  • Mineral Deposits
• 3 Basic Types of Bone Cell

  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
• Osteoblasts - bone forming cell by secreting bone matrix.
• Matrix consist of:

  • Collagen
  • Ground Substances (glycoprotein and proteoglycans)
  • Minerals (Calcium and Phosphorus)
• Osteocytes - mature bone cells involved in bone maintenance.
• Osteoclasts - bone resorption cell involved in dissolving and resorbing bone.
• Osteogenesis - bone formation begins long before birth.
• Ossification - a process by which bone matrix is formed and hard mineral crystals are bound to collagen fibers.
• Adult body has 206 bones.
• 4 Categories of Bones

  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones
• Long Bones - shape like rods or shafts with rounded ends.
• Long bones are for bearing and movements.
• Humerus - funny bone, upper arm bone.
• Radius - outer, shorter bone of forearm (aligned to thumb)
• Ulna - inner, longer bone of forearm (aligned to pinky).
• Femur - thigh bone, strongest, largest, longest bone.
• Tibia - shin bone, inner and larger bone of leg that connects to femur to form knee joint with foot bone (talus).
• Fibula - outer bone of the leg that serve as area of muscle attachment.