RWS

• Hypertext (Hypertextuality)


  A non-linear way to present information and is usually accomplished using "links"
• Ted Nelson


  Coined hypertext in 1963 and described it as a series of chunks connected by links that offers readers a different pathway

  
• Hypertext


  • Allows the readers to create their own meaning out of the material given to them and learn better associatively
  • Links are not just limited to text or documents but may also incorporate other forms of multimedia such as pictures, sounds and videos that stimulate more senses (Hypermedia)
• Why hypertexts?


  • In a hypertext system, the reader is free to navigate information by exploring the connections provided
  • Text no longer flows in a straight line through a book. Instead, it is broken down into many smaller units, each addressing a few issues

  
• Intertext (Intertextuality)


  One method of text development that enables the author to make another text based on another text
• Intertextuality


  • Rooted from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
  • The term itself was first used by Bulgarian-French philosopher and psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva in the 1960s
• Intertextuality methods


  • Retelling
  • Quotation
  • Allusion
  • Pastiche
  • Parody
• Retelling


  Restatement of a story or re-expression of a narrative
• Quotation


  Directly lifting the exact statements or set of words from a text another author has made
• Quotation


  • "Walk softly and carry a big stick." This famous saying from former President Theodore Roosevelt
• Allusion


  A brief and indirect reference to a person, place or thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance
• Allusion


  • Thank you, my Hercules
  • My Helen of Troy!
  • She was a good Samaritan when she helped the older lady
  • He studies all the time and is a regular Einstein
  • Chocolate is my Achilles' heel
• Pastiche


  A text developed in a way that it copies the style or other properties of another text without making fun of it unlike in a parody
• Parody


  A copy of style of someone or something in humorous way
• Critical reading is engaging in analytic activity which involves the reader by asking questions about the text and the author's claim
• Critical readers are doing the process of evaluating, analyzing, and interpreting the assertion of the hidden meaning of the whole text
• Reasoning


  An act of giving statements for justification and explanation. It is the ability of someone to defend something by giving out reasons
• When reading critically, it is necessary to question the different arguments used by the author, as any problem can weaken the authenticity of the conclusion
• Critical reading is not meant to criticize but to assess the validity of textual evidence
• Steps used in critical reading as reasoning


  • Identifying assertions
  • Formulating counterclaim
  • Determining evidence
• Counterclaim


  Made to rebut a previous claim
• Evidence


  The details given by the authors to support his/her claims
• Hedges


  Words or phrases used to give a courteous tone when expressing unfavorable statements
• Forms of hedges


  • Modals: may, could, would, should, might, certain, must, etc.
  • Frequency adverbs: usually, generally, commonly
  • Probability adverbs: probably, possibly, presumably
• Evaluative statement


  A statement that states one's sound judgement about something through writing which is supported by reasons and evidences
• How to formulate an evaluative statement


  • Begin with the positives before you point out the negatives
  • Suggest a solution/s or suggestion/s on how to improve the written material being evaluated and provide justification how these will work
  • Keep your feedback concise and precise
  • Be careful in giving your feedback as evaluations pass judgment onto works of authors, they must be written and expressed with care and much diligence
• Types of assertions


  • Fact
  • Convention
  • Opinion
  • Preference
• Fact


  A statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research
• Convention


  A way in which something is done similar to traditions and norms. Its truthfulness can be verified only by reference to historical precedents, laws, rules, usage, and customs
• Opinion


  A statement based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness
• Preference


  A personal choice in which the writer is under no obligation to support or prove the truthfulness of the statement
• Textual evidence


  The details given by the author in order to support his/her claims
• Evidence vs Claim


  Evidence is a single fact or set of facts, while a claim is a statement that can be in dispute and requires further evidence
• Ways to express textual evidence

  • Paraphrasing
  • Summarizing
  • Referencing
  • Quoting
• Langston Hughes described deferred dream
• Holding dreams. (What happens to a dream deferred?)
• Summarizing


  Stating in a shorter way the text and other relevant details to support the idea
• Referencing


  Mentioning a specific section in the text
• Quoting


  Directly restating a part of the text
• To be an effective critical thinker, it is not enough just to be able to identify claims and assertions. The ability to analyze an argument is essential to understanding the text more deeply, but understanding the claim is not the only facet of the argument. You must also learn how to analyze the counterclaims and evidence provided by the text. Being able to recognize and formulate counterclaims in reaction to an argument is a characteristic of a good critical reader.