globalisation, green crime, human rights and state crime

• Global risk consciousness


  Globalisation creates new insecurities where risk is seen as global rather than tied to a particular place e.g. rise of panic around migration since 9/11 terrorist attacks
• Globalisation, capitalism and crime

  Taylor - deregulation and marketisation = people view crime as weighing up cost and benefit and increased inequality
• Hobbs and Dunningham


  crime is involving individuals with contacts acting as 'hubs', however still require a local base = glocal
• Traditional criminology


  Concerned with national and international laws and regulations
• Green criminology


  more radical approach, focusing on harm rather than law - zemiology
• anthropocentric


  human centred - views humans as having the right to dominate nature and it is only harmful if it affects humans
• ecocentric


  sees humans and their environment as interdependent so care about harm to environment and animals
• South's primary green crime


  crimes that result directly from destruction and degradation of the earth's resources.

  Air pollution, deforestation, animal abuse and water pollution
• South's secondary green crime


  crime that results from flouting of rules aimed at preventing environmental disasters.

  State violence against oppositional groups, hazardous waste, organised crime, environmental discrimination
• Examples of air pollution


  ULEZ aimed to improve air quality

  In 2021, there were 40,000 deaths per year linked to pollution
• Examples of deforestation


  64% of world's tropical rainforests destroyed
• Examples of water pollution

  4 oil spills in 2022
• Examples of state violence against oppositional groups


  Stop Line 3 protestors faced with police violence
• Examples of hazardous waste

  In England 2023, 18% of all waste was perceived as being illegally managed - approximately 34 billion tonnes per year
• Examples of environmental discrimination

  2017 - African Americans 75% more likely to live near a toxic plant
• state crime


  all crimes committed by or on behalf of state and governments of that causes harm
• McLaughlin's 4 categories of state crime


  1- political crime e.g. corruption or censorship

  2- crimes by security and police forces

  3- economic crimes e.g. official violations of health and safety

  4- social and cultural crime e.g. institutional racism
• How many killed in genocide in Rwanda

  800,000 Tutsis killed in a hundred days
• What caused the genocide in Rwanda


  Belgian colony in 1922 divided the Tutsis and Hutus despite them not being separate ethnic groups and when they gained independence in 1962, the Hutu clung to power through race hate propaganda
• Chambliss' way of defining state crime


  using domestic laws
• Hillyard et al's way of defining state crime


  social harm / 'zemiology
• labelling/ societal reaction as a way of defining state crime


  crime is a social construct so the audience should define whether or not it is a crime
• international law as a way of defining state crime

  treaties and agreements
• Schwendingers definition of crime


  human rights

  natural rights (such as life and liberty), and civil rights (such as privacy and education)
• Authoritarian personality explaining state crime


  Adorno et al - willingness to obey orders of superiors
• crimes of obedience explaining state crime

  result of socialisation and propaganda to 'normalise' the crime
• modernity explaining state crime

  Bauman says that the social conditions of modern society (division of labour, bureaucratisation, instrumental rationality and developed science & tech) turn mass murder into a routine task. For example, the holocaust.
• Cohen's three stage 'spiral of state denial'


  1- "it didn't happen"

  2- " if it did happen, it was something else" e.g. defense

  3- "it is justified" e.g. war on terror
• Cohen's techniques of neutralisation


  -denial of the victim

  -denial of the injury

  -denial of responsibility

  -condemning the condemner

  -appeal to higher loyalty e.g. national security
• how many Ukrainian adults and children have been forcibly deported

  over 2 million
• Zimbabwe human rights decline in 2020


  unidentified attackers, suspected to be state security. abducted, tortured more than 70 critics of the government