physiopsych

• emotion and motivation


  the fundamental components of effect
• emotions


  is a mental and physiological feeling state that directs our attention and guides our behavior. Typically, it serves an adaptive role.
• emotion


  may also be destructive, such as when a frustrating experience leads us to lash out at others who do not deserve it.
• Fundamental Emotions (Basic Emotions) include anger, disgust, happiness, surprise, sadness, etc
• variety of emotion

  positive human emotion and negative human emotion
• positive human emotion


  It leads one to feel good about oneself and will lead to an emotionally happy and satisfied result
• negative human emotion


  The lack of desire to do anything. It includes exhaustion, panic, jealousy, depression, envy, guilt, etc
• The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions and arousal co-occur, while the James-Lange theory suggests that emotion results from arousal
• The experience of an emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal.
• james-lange theory


  This approach proposes that the arousal and the emotion are not independent but rather that the emotion depends on the arousal.
• James-Lange theory


  our experiences of emotion are weaker without arousal.
• Schachter and Singer’s two-factor model proposes that arousal and cognition combine to create emotion
• The experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be
• Emotion = arousal + cognition
• Nonverbal communication includes our tone of voice, gait, posture, touch, and facial expressions
• B.F Skinner


  He argues that emotions are seen as fictional causes attributed to behavior
• B.F Skinner


  He also acknowledges the problem of understanding emotions and their role in behavior
• neurobiologically based emotion psychologist


  It argues against dismissing emotions as mere fiction and emphasizes the need for scientific examination of emotions rather than asserting their irrelevance. It references Darwin’s work on emotion, which demonstrated that emotions could be objectively measured, and highlights the ongoing research on the behavioral effects of emotions.
• Neurobiologically based emotion psychologists


  suggests that emotions are not mere fiction but rather important data that require scientific exploration to understand their role in behavior and their subjective nature fully
• When experiencing high levels of emotion, such as fear, the individual’s attention becomes focused on the source of the threat, and cognitive processes are halted.
• Positive emotions like love can also pervasively affect the psychological system by flooding it with a positive hedonic tone.
• Hedonic tone, also known as valence, is a characteristic of emotions that determines their emotional affect (intrinsic appeal or repulsion).
• hedonic tone


  It is an index used to measure someone's ability to experience pleasure
•  Low hedonic tone reflects a reduced capacity to feel pleasure, high hedonic tone means that someone has a robust capacity for experiencing pleasure.
• In everyday life, emotions and cognitive activity work flexibly together, resembling a “mixed economy” of the mind. However, when emotions are evoked, the system transitions into a “command-economy” model where all resources are devoted to meeting the immediate challenge, whether favorable or unfavorable.
• Individuals with affective disorders may experience a flood of emotions that dominate the system and contribute to a negative hedonic state.
• Emotion activation, triggered by environmental threats or promises, influences cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem-solving.
• the economics and politics of emotion


  According to this view, emotions serve a specific function in allocating psychological resources. Emotion is a mechanism that exerts control over allocating these resources by directing them toward addressing threats or promises.
• the economic and politics of emotion


  According to this perspective, the function of emotion is to influence ongoing psychological processes to address the challenges presented by environmental feedback.
• the economic and politics of emotion


  emphasizes the integrative role of emotion and cognition in influencing psychological functioning and adaptation to the environment
• Emotions are involuntary because they are deeply ingrained in our evolutionary biology and serve critical adaptive functions.
• Emotions have evolved as automatic responses to certain stimuli or situations that are biologically significant
• the emotion of fear triggers the fight-or-flight response, preparing our bodies to react to perceived threats. This automatic and immediate reaction is crucial for survival in potentially dangerous situations
• The involuntary nature of emotions can also be attributed to the fact that they are closely tied to our subconscious and automatic cognitive processes.
• emotions often serve as signals or information about our internal states and external environment.
• motivation


  a driving force that initiates and directs behavior.
• Motivations are often considered in psychology in terms of drives.
• The defensive and approach motivation model is based on the biological personality perspective.
• The defensive and approach motivation model recognizes that all viable organisms have two primary motivational requirements: avoiding harmful or noxious stimuli (defensive motivation) and approaching rewarding stimuli (approach motivation). T
• The theory proposed by Gray and McNaughton (2000) focuses on the study of defensive motivation, particularly fear, and anxiety, through the-experimental studies.