Overview of Programming Languages

• Programming languages are formal sets of instructions that tell a computer what to do.
• Each language has its own syntax ( rules for writing code ) and is designed for specific purposes — such as web development, data analysis, game creation, or system programming.
• Python

  • High-level, easy-to-read  language created in 1991 by  Guido van Rossum.
  • Focuses on simplicity and versatility.
• Java

  • Object-oriented language  developed by Sun Microsystems in 1995. 
  • “Write once, run anywhere.”
• C

  • One of the oldest high-level  languages ( 1972, Dennis  Ritchie ).
  • Fast and efficient.
• C++ 

  • Extension of C with object oriented features, created by  Bjarne Stroustrup in 1985.
• C# 

  • Developed by Microsoft in  2000, combines C++ power  with Java-like simplicity.
• JavaScript

  • Scripting language for web  browsers, created in 1995. 
  • Runs on client-side.
• PHP

  • Server-side scripting language created in 1994 by  Rasmus Lerdorf.
• HTML

  • Markup language for structuring web pages ( not a  programming language ).
• R

  • Language for statistical  computing and graphics, created in the early 1990s by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman.
• Kotlin

  • Statically-typed language  developed by JetBrains in  2011.
  • Fully interoperable  with Java.
• Swift

  • Programming language  developed by Apple in 2014  for iOS, macOS, watchOS,  and tvOS.
• Python is typically used for data science, web development, automation,  scripting, machine learning, AI, scientific computing.
• Java is typically used for enterprise applications, Android development, backend systems, large scale software.
• C is typically used for system programming, embedded systems,  

  operating systems, low level hardware control.
• C++ is typically used for game development, high performance applications, desktop software, real-time systems.
• C# is typically used for windows applications,  game development with Unity, enterprise software, web applications.
• JavaScript is typically used for Web development, interactive front-end interfaces, server-side development with Node.js.
• PHP is typically used for web development, server side scripting, content management systems ( e.g., WordPress ).
• HTML is typically used for website structure, web content formatting, creating layouts.
• R is typically used for data analysis, statistical modeling, visualization,  academic research.
• Kotlin is typically used for Android development, backend systems, multiplatform applications.
• Swift is typically used for iOS and macOS app development, server-side applications.