Plasma membrane

• Define Eukaryotic cells

  Cells that have a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles
• What are the main features of Eukaryotic cells

  
  

  • Genetic material is organized into chromatin and enclosed in a nuclear envelope
  • Contained within a Plasma Membrane
• What is the main difference between Plant cellsand Animal cells

  Plant cells have chloroplasts, vacuole and cell wall.
• What is the role of Plant cell vacuole

  Stores various chemicals and plays a role in cell growth
• What is the role of the Plant cell wall

  • Maintains the cell shape and prevents mechanical damage
• Describe the features of the Nucleus

  
  

  • Contains most of the genes which control the cell
  • DNA is packed into chromatin
• What is the role of the Plasma membrane

  • Separates the cell from its external environment
  • Controls movement of substances
  • Maintains the electrolyte balance in the cell
  • Acts as sensor to external signals
• What are the main types of Membrane lipids

  Phospholipids, Cholesterol and glycolipids.
• What are the main functions of membrane proteins

  • Transport proteins
  • Receptor sites
  • Structural roles
  • Cell junctions
• Describe the roles of Membrane carbohydrates

  • Recognition between cells and the extracellular matrix
  • Blood groups
• What are the types of Endocytosis

  1. Phagocytosis

  2. Pinocytosis

  3. Receptor-mediated
• Describe Exocytosis

  • Vesicles fuse with the interior membrane
  • Vesicles release contents
• What is the endomembrane system

  Specialized organelles and internal membranes.
• What do plant cells not contain that animal cells do

  Lysosome, centrioles and flagellum.
• What is the tonoplast

  Valuole membrane
• How did mitochondria and chlorplast develop

  By endosymbiosis.
• What did mitochondria develop from

  Aerobic bactera
• What did chloroplasts develop from

  Cyanobacteria
• Describe the endosymbiotic theory

  • Infolding prokaryotic membrane forms the nucleus
  • Aerobic and cyanobacteria formed a symbiotic relationship with the prokaryote
• What organelles other than the nucleus contain DNA

  Chloroplasts and mitochondria.
• what are the enveloped organelles

  Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts.
• What is an organelle envelope

  A double mebrane.
• Describe the structure of the nucleus

  • Envelope
  • Pores
  • Nucleolus
  • Nucleuoplasm
• What is the cytoplasm of the nucleus called

  Nucleoplasm
• What is the nucleolus

  Where Ribosomes are made
• What doe integrins do

  Allow for the cell to attach to the extracellular matrix
• What is endocytosis


  The movement of substances into the cell.
• What is exocytosis 


  The movement of substances out of the cell.
• Describe phagocytosis


  Uptake of insoluble material.
• Describe pinocytosis


  Extracellular fluid is taken up using vesicles made from the cell membrane.
• Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis


  Ligands bind to cell receptors, triggering endocytosis of the receptor and ligand. The receptor is transported back to the membrane, and the ligand is processed.