Cell cycle and cancer

• Define cancer

  Uncontrolled cell proliferation which results in healthy cell death.
• What is a carcinoma

  Cancer in the epithelial cells
• What is a sarcoma

  Cancer of supportive or connective tissues.
• What is bone cancer an example of

  A sarcoma
• what type of cancer is cancer of the adrenal cortex

  Carcinoma
• What is myeloma

  Cancer of the plasma cells in bone marrow
• What is lymphoma

  Solid tumour of the lymphatic system
• What causes lymphoma cancer

  Proliferation of maturing leukocytes.
• what is leukaemia

  Cancer of the blood.
• What cells are involved in leukemia

  Precursor blood cells in the bone marrow.
• What are the characteristics of cancerous cells

  • Longer life span
  • Growth factor independence
  • Growth factor production
  • No anchorage dependence
  • No density dependence
• What is anchorage dependence

  Base of the cell must all be in contact with the basal lamina
• What is Density dependence

  Cells grow in one layer
• What does anchorage and density dependence loss in cancer cells cause

  Rounded and multilayer of cells.
• What are the three types of tumours

  Benign. Malignant. Mestatic.
• What is a benign tumour

  A non-cancerous tumour which has remained in situ.
• What is a malignant tumour

  Cancerous tumour. Breaks down the ECM, resulting in an increased risk of metastasis.
• What is a metastatic tumour

  Tumour has spread to another organ.
• What are the phases of cancer development

  • Primary mutation
  • Clonal expansion
  • Benign tumour
  • Secondary mutation
  • Malignant tumour
  • Metastasis
  • Metastatic tumour
• What happens during the initiation of cancer development

  A Primary mutation results in the loss of growth control.
• What is the clonal expansion of cancer development

  Cellular proliferation results in the formation of monoclonal cells.
• What are the features of a benign tumour

  Defined cellular borders and slow proliferation.
• What are the features of a malignant tumour

  Increased proliferation. Abnormal chromosomal number. Anchorage and density independence. Invasive as it grows into other tissues.
• What is metastasis

  Invasion through the blood or lymphatic system.
• What is a metastatic tumour

  Tumour forms in another organ.
• What is a tumour

  A neoplastic mass of cells.
• what is neoplasm

  A tissue mass caused by poorly regulated proliferation.
• what is pleomorphism

  Variations in shape and size of cells.
• What is nuclear hyperchromatism

  Increase in nucleic acid.
• What is dysplasia

  Abnormal growth and development of the tissue.
• How is neoplasia diagnosed

  • Needle biopsy
  • Endoscopic biopsy
  • Incisional biopsy
  • Excisional biopsy
  • Ressection
• What instrument does endoscopic biopsy use for collection

  Forceps
• What instrument does incisional biopsy use for collection

  Scalpel
• What is an excisional biopsy

  The surgical removal of the whole tumour
• What are the methods for cytological diagnosis of neoplasia

  Body fluids. Aspiration by needle. Exfoliation.
• Where is exfoliation used to diagnose neoplasia

  GI tract or Cervix.
• Where is aspiration by a needle used for neoplasia diagnosis?

  Bone marrow, Solid tumours in the breast or thyroid.