History

• Where did the Big 3 meet to discuss after the end of WW1? (what was it called?)When did they meet?How many countries were there? Who were the main/Big 3? Met at the Paris Peace ConferenceMet on January 1919Representative of 32 countriesBritain (David Lloyd George), France (Georges Clemenceau), USA (Woodrow Wilson)
• What was Georges Clemenceau's aims? (France) Reasons for these aims? Wanted revenge - as most fighting took place in France and destroyed lands (French mines, railways, factories, farmlands etc) & also suffered great deaths.Wanted to cripple Germany - so it can never attack France againWanted Germany's armed forces to be reducedWanted Germany's border to be pushed to the Rhine - take away their defences, so France is less vulnerable.Wanted Germany to pay compensation - so France can be rebuilt
• What was David Lloyd George's aims? (Britain) Reasons for these aims? Wanted revenge (but less than France) - many young British men died in trenchesIf it treated Germany too harsh, the Germans may seek revenge & start another warWanted to keep Germany strong enough to trade with.Wanted to gain German colonies, so that British Empire could become more powerful.Wanted to reduce German navy, so it could stop rivalling with Britain's navy.
• What was Woodrow Wilson's aims? (USA) Reasons for these aims? Wanted to set up a League of Nations - so countries could work together & trade to make war less likelyDidn't want to be too strict with Germany - to avoid another war.Peaceful world - set up as the 14 pointsBelieved in self-determination - where countries can rule themselves
• What areas of territorial lands where taken away from Germany in the treaty? SCRAP Saars - put under LoN's control for 15 years (an industrial rich area)Colonies - German colonies in Africa given as mandates to LoN, so Britain & France controlled it.Rhineland - demilitarised Alsace-Lorraine - returned back to FrancePolish Corridor - Germany split into 2 by this polish corridor, which was given to Poland. Other: Danzig - taken from Germany & made a free city under LoN controlEupen & Malmedy - given back to BelgiumNorth Schleswig - given to Denmark after a plebisciteMemel - given to Lithuania
• What is Article 231? War Guilt Clause
• Terms/Aims of the ToV? (TRAWL) Territory - Alsace Lorraine; Saars; German coloniesReparations - Germany had to pay £6.6 billionArmaments - Restrict army to 100,000 men; Ban conscription, submarines, aeroplanesWar Guilt - Clause 231; Germany had to accept all blame for the warLoN - establish LoN to settle disputes
• Armament aims of ToV? Germany navy - 15 000 men; 6 battleshipsGermany army - 100 000 menNo conscriptionDemilitarise Rhineland (strip of land between Germany & France)No tanks, submarines, or air forceAnschluss banned (union between Austria & Germany)
• Define diktat, in terms of the ToV? A dictated peace, in which Germany was forced to sign the treaty.
• How did Germans feel about the TOV? Angry and shocked - they were told they were winning the war, but instead they lost and punished so severlyBritish blockade - caused food shortages Didn't want punishment - because German Kaiser fled to Holland, so thought that the person repsonsible for WW1 was already punishedUnfair - Germany wasn't allowed to negotiate terms of TOV; it was a diktatGoverment was known as November Criminals as Germans thought they may have won the war if not signed a peace treaty.Hated Article 231 where they had to accept full responsibility of the cause of warHumilated fro...
• When was the TOV signed? 28th June 1919
• When was the armistice signed? 11th November 1918
• How did Britain leader think of the TOV vs Britain public? Britain leader: Too harsh Face another war in 25 yrsLost a trading partner Britain public: Could've been harsherPleased with reparations
• How did French leader think of the TOV vs French public? French leader: Angry that Germany had a army Wanted Rhineland fully taken from GermanyWanted Saars permanentlyReparations were small French public: Germans were let off too lightly - wanted more severely punishedHappy to get reparation
• How did USA leader think of the TOV vs USA public? USA leader: Too harsh - provoke another warPleased creation of LoN USA public: Want a treaty providing peace Unfair on GermanyThey shouldn't be involved - isolationalism
• Effect of WW1 on Germany? Food shortages: October 1918Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated: 9th August 1918Communists failed attempt to overthrow German goverment: 4th - 15th January 1919New democratic goverment (Weimar Republic) set up: 11th August 1919Kapp Putsch revolt against German government (failed) - March 1920Invasion of Ruhr: January 1923Hyperinflation - November 1923Dawes Plan - August 1924
• What was the Dawes Plan? When? August 1924USA lends Germany money to help Germany rebuild its economy - 800 million gold marks
• What was invasion of Ruhr? When? Leading to....? January 1923Germany missed a reparation paymentFrench invade Ruhr, a German industrial areaFrench try to seize German goods instead of moneyGerman goverment pay workers to strike so there aren't any goods - so print more bank notesGermany economy crumbles, leading to hyperinflation (November 1923)
• What were the strengths of TOV? Only right for the losing countries to pay for the damageEven Germany had enforced harsh treaties against countries during WW1 (eg: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk), so they deserved a harsh treaty.Most of Europe was falling apart - so the peacemakers did the best they could with the small time they hadSet up LoNs to settle disputes Independent states were created (Czechoslovakia, Poland)
• What were the weaknesses of TOV? Harsh, so could lead to new warLeft Germany too vulnerable to protect themselves from an attackCauses of WW1 was complex, but Germany had to accept full responsibilityTreaty was diktat - Germany couldn't have a choiceReparations crippled Germnay6 million Germans lived outside of German territoryGermany lost 13% land
• What was the Treaty of St Germain? When? With who? 10th Sept 1919 - AustriaAustria lost land to Italy & RussiaAustria had to pay reparations but amount not fixedArmy restricted to 30 000 menNo conscriptionNo navyAnschluss banned
• What were the treaties that Germany's allies had to undergo after WW1? Treaty of St Germain - AustriaTreaty of Neuilly - BulgariaTreaty of Trianon - HungaryTreaty of Sevres - Turkey
• What was the Treaty of Neuilly? When? With who? 27th November 1919 - BulgariaBulgaria lost land to Yugoslavia, Greece and RomaniaGained land from TurkeyReparations were £100 millionArmy restricted to 20 000 menNo conscriptionNo air force4 battleships
• What was the Treaty of Trianon? When? With who? 4th June 1920 - HungaryLost land to Romania, Austria, Czechoslovakia & YugoslaviaPay reparations, but amount wasn't fixedArmy restricted to 30 000 men No conscription 3 patrol boats
• What was the Treaty of Sevres? When? With who? 10th August 1920 - TurkeyTurkey lost land to GreeceTurkey lost its European land except small area around ConstantinopleOttoman Empire was split upArmy restricted to 50 000 menNavy restricted to 7 sail boats & 6 torpedo boats
• What was the Treaty of Lausanne? When? July 1923Reformation of Treaty of SevresLet Turkey regain some land given to GreeceRight to decide how big its armed forces were.
• What was significant about the Treaty of Lausanne and Sevres? "Showed treaties were unenforceable - other countries can't do much if a country rebelled against the terms.Undermined other treaties as they were too ""harsh""Mussolini & Hitler realised they could get away with breaking international law as no one would stop them"
• How many countries were in the LON at the start? By 1934? How many permanent members and who were they? 42 members at the start.58 members by 1934.4 permanent members - Italy, Britain, France, Japan.
• Who weren't in the LON? Losing countries couldn't join - eg: GermanyRussia didn't join - as it was communist govermentAmerica didn't join - US senate refused as they wanted to maintain isolationism from rest of Europe US had seen many young Americans die in WW1.
• Who left the LON and when? (HINT: 4 countries - 2 joined later but 2 countries were there at the start). Japan in 1933 - after Manchurian crisisItaly in 1937 - after Abyssinian crisisGermany joined in 1926 but left in 1933 - after Hitler left Disarmament ConferenceSoviet Union joined in 1934 but left in 1939 - after Soviet Pact & Invasion of Poland.
• Aims of the LON? SIDE Stop WarsImprove LivesDisarmamentEnforce TOV
• What was the main structure of the LON? (4 main ones) AssemblyCouncilSecretariatPermanent court of International Justice
• What is the role of assembly in the LON? How did it function? Decided when a new country joinsIt elected judges to the Permanent Court of International JusticeDecided expenditure of LONVoted for non-permanent members of Council Sent 1 representative from each member to Assembly.Met annually (once a yr)Decisions were unanimous - all had to agree
• What is the role of the council in the LON? How did it function? Dealt with crises and making decisions Met several times a year.Power of veto - could stop a ruling with its vote, even if Assembly had a unanimous vote on it.Had 4 permanent members - Britain, France, Italy, Japan4 non-permanent members; later increased to 9
• What is the role of the secretariat in the LON? How did it function? Was in charge of administration of LONOrganised actions that LON wanted to takeKept records of meetings Prepared reports for LON's agencies Was the civil service of the LONConsisted of a body of experts from different areas (eg: finance)
• What is the role of the permanent court of international justice in the LON? How did it function? It solved international disputes between countriesGave advice & decisions for disputes - hard to enforce as LON had no army Had 11 judges & 4 deputy judgesThey listened to both countries' sides before reaching a verdictWas elected by Assembly & Council - to be there for 11 years.
• What were the powers that the LON had? Economic Sanction - League could stop trading with aggressors (but hard without USA)Moral Condemnation - Decides which country was aggressor and tell them to stopMilitary action - League had no army but could use armed forces of its memebers to provide soldiers to fight against aggressor.
• What are some of the commisions that the LON had? International Labour Organisation Health CommitteeSlavery CommissionCommission for RefugeesPermanent Central Opium BoardEconomic & Financial CommitteeOrganisation for Communication & Transport
• What were the works of the International Labour Organisation? (success & failure) Successes:1922 - banned use of poisonous white lead in paint1928-77: agreed to set up minimum wageLeague challenged slave labour in Africa reducing death from 50% of workers to 4% Failures:Couldn't stop children under 14 yrs from working - as not all members accepted itCouldn't limit working hours to 8 hrs - as only 4 members agreed
• What were the works of the Commission of Refugees? (success & failure) Successes: 1921 - helped to free 427 000 prisoners of war from WW1 and return to homeland1922 - Turkey clashed with Greece causing people to flee to refugee camps (which were set up by LON)Created Nansen Passport, that can be used by refugees. Failures: 1933 - League tried to appoint a High Commissioner for Jweish refugees, that were fleeing from Germany. But Germany rejected it so it wasn't a unanimous vote.