PE Paper 1

• cranium = skull
• sternum = chest
• humerus = upper arm
• ribs = ribs
• radius = outside arm
• ulna = inner arm
• clavicle = collar bone
• scapula = back shoulder bone
• vertebrae = spine
• mandible = jaw
• pelvis = hips
• femur = thigh bone
• patella = knee cap
• tibia = inside shine bone
• fibula = outside shine bone
• talus = ankle bone
• tarsals , metatarsals and phalanges
• carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
• long bones enable gross movements like the humerus and femur
• short bones allow fine controlled movements like carpals and tarsals
• flat bones provide protection of vital organs like cranium, ribs and scapula
• irregular bones protect parts of the body like the vertebrae
• function of the skeleton blood cell production : bone marrow of the long bones to help produce red and white blood cells. they produce platelets to help clotting if you cut yourself, red blood cells transport oxygen to working muscles and white blood cells help fight infection
• function of the skeleton mineral storage : bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus to strengthen the bones
• function of the skeleton support : are bones keep us up right by providing a structural shape for muscles and tissues to attach to. this help keep muscles in place and keep us up right
• functions of the skeleton protection : your skeleton provides protection for your vital organs, including the heart and lungs
• function of the skeleton movement : the bones provide a place for the muscles to attach to so that when the muscles contract they pull the bones to cause movement . movement occurs at the joints of the skeleton
• structure of a knee

  A) muscle

  B) bone

  C) cartilage

  D) bursa

  E) synovial membrane

  F) ligament

  G) tendon

  H) joint capsule

  I) synovial fluid

  
• cartilage : reduces friction and absorbs shock
• ligaments : connect bone to bone
• joint capsule : seals the joint and provides stability to the joint
• synovial membrane : secretes synovial fluid
• synovial fluid : lubricates and reduces friction in the joint
• bursae : acts as a cushion between the bone and other parts of the joint such as the tendons or muscles
• a joint is where 2 or more bones meet
• hinge joint is located at the knee, elbow and ankle
• ball and socket is located at the hip and shoulder
• ball and socket movements include flexion, extension, rotation, abduction and adduction
• movement at hinge joints include flexion and extension
• flexion is when an angle at a joint decreases. it occurs at hinge and ball and socket joints for example it occurs at the knee when the player is preparing to kick a football