Vana 102 Chapter 5- Comparative Arthrology

• Types of Joints

  Synarthroses

  Diarthroses

  Amphiarthroses
• Joints united by fibrous tissue, cartilage, or a mixture of the two. Often termed immovable joints.

  Synarthroses
• There are three types of synarthroses:

  Suture

  Syndesmosis

  Gomphosis
• Applied to the joints of the skull where the adjacent margins of the bones are interlocked.

  Suture
• There are three types of sutures:

  Squamous

  Serrated

  Harmonious
• wherethe edges overlap

  – Parieto–Temporal Joint


  Squamous
• wherethe edges are irregular

  – Frontal Joint


  Serrated
• where the edges are straight

  – Nasal Joint


  Harmonious
• · Where the uniting medium is elastic tissue,white fibrous tissue or mixture – attachments of costal cartilages to eachother. Intercarpal joints


  Syndesmosis
• · Found between the tooth and thealveolar sockets.

  Gomphosis
• · “Cartilaginous joint”, Joints which have both synarthrodial and diarthrodial features intercentral vertebral joints.

  Ampiarthroses
• Permits limited movement such as compression, stretching and bending

  Cartilaginous
• with fibrocartilage or a combination of two hyaline cartilage and fibrous cartilage

  Hyaline Cartilage
• · Where the uniting medium is cartilage – sphenoidand basilar occipital joint. Very few synchondroses are permanent. Cartilagebecomes ossified making synostoses. Intersternal joints.


  Synchondrosis
• · Applied to joints in the median plane. Theuniting medium is generally ossified cartilage and fibrous tissue – symphysispelvis, mandibular joints.

  Symphysis
• · “True joints”, Diarthrodial jointsare those which possess the following features.

  o A synovial joint cavity

  o A joint capsule with synovial membrane and synovialfluid

  o Articular cartilage

  o Mobility

  Diarthroses
• · There are four chief classes of Classification of Diarthrodial Joints

  Ginglymus

  Arthrodia

  Trochoid

  Enarthrosis
• · Between ramus of mandible and squamous temporalbone on either side.

  Temporo–Mandibular Joint
• · Movable vertebrae form two separatearticulations:

  Intercentral

  Interneural
• Betweenthe bodies

  Intercentral
• Betweenthe articular process.

  Interneural
• · diarthroses peculiar to Equidae.They occur between the transverse processes of5th and 6th lumbar, and between the latter and the wings of the sacrum.

  Intertransverse Articulations
• It is an articulation is diarthrodial with ginglymus filament(movement).

  Atlanto–Occipital Joint
• It is an articulation is diarthrodial filament (movement).

  Atlanto–Axial Joint
• · Proximally ribs form two separate articulations:

  Costo–Central

  Costo–Transverse
• Betweenthe head of the rib and the two adjacent bodies of the vertebrae

  Costo–Central
• Betweenthe facet on the rib tubercle and the transverse process of the vertebra of thesame number.

  Costo–Transverse
• · The joints between the ribs and rib cartilageare synarthroses. In OX AND SHEEP, the 2nd to the 11thcosto–chondral junctions are diarthroses. In PIG the 2nd to the 5th are diarthroses.

  Costo–Chondral
• · Between the cartilages of the sternal ribs andthe sternum. They are diarthroses. In the horse the 1st pair of ribs articulates ina common joint capsule.

  Chondro–Sternal
• · The joints between the sternal segments commenceas synchondroses, becoming ossified as synostoses.

  Intersternal
• · Between the head of the humerus and glenoidcavity of the scapula.

  Shoulder
• · Between distal humerus and proximal radius andulna.

  Elbow
• 1. Distalradius and ulna (only radius in the Horse) and proximal carpals.

  2. Intercarpal.

  3. Distalcarpals and proximal metacarpals.

  Carpal
• · Between distal metacarpals (metacarpus in thecase of the Horse), proximal 1st phalanx and proximal sesamoids.

  Fetlock
• · Between distal 1st phalanx and proximal 2ndphalanx.

  Pastern
• · Between the auricular surfaces of ilium andsacrum.

  Sacro–iliac
• · Between head of femur and acetabulum.

  Hip
• It crosses the notch of the acetabulum.

  Tranverse Acetabular
• It runs from the sub–pubic groove to the fovea on the head of the femur.

  Round Ligament
• theHorse has an________, this runs from the prepubic tendon to formjust beyond the round ligament.

  Accessory Ligament