Lower UTD

• Pollakiuria

  the frequent passing of small volumes of urine
• Why is fluid intake encouraged for a UTI?

  it dilutes the urine as concentrated urine is more irritable
• Cystotomy

  a temporary surgical incision into the bladder, usually for the removal of bladder stones
• Clinical signs of a UTI

  dysuria

  pollakiuria

  stranguria

  periuria

  change in the appearance of the urine

  small, painful bladder - if not blocked
• Cystitis

  inflammation of the lining of the bladder
• Nursing care for acute urolithiasis

  IVFT and encourage water intake

  monitor urine output and catheter care

  post-surgical care

  pain scoring

  nutrition

  administration of medication
• Dysuria

  difficulty urinating
• Management of non-obstructive FLUTD


  address underlying causes

  increase water intake

  diet and weight control

  reduce stress
• FLUTD

  feline lower urinary tract disease, this describes any conditions or disease that effect the bladder or urethra in a cat e.g., urethral plugs, bacterial infection
• Long-term management of urolithiasis 


  encourage food intake

  nutrition

  regular urinalysis
• Urolithiasis predisposing factors


  urine pH

  UTI

  diet

  breed
• Why is nutrition beneficial for the long-term management of urolithiasis?

  it alters the pH of the urine and wet food encourages hydration
• Treatment of a UTI


  antibiotics

  anti-inflammatories

  encourage fluid intake
• Stranguria

  the frequent passing of a narrow stream of urine
• Nursing care of chronic urolithiasis


  monitor clinical signs

  encourage water intake

  encourage urination

  nutrition

  weight management
• Short-term treatment of urolithiasis 


  catheterise to relieve obstruction

  cystotomy, urethrotomy

  medical dissolution - diet, antibiotics
• Periuria

  urinating outside the litter box or in unusual places
• Clinical signs of urolithiasis 


  recurrent UTI signs

  non-productive straining

  can cause an obstruction in the urinary tract
• Urolithiasis

  the formation of uroliths within the urinary tract caused by supersaturation of crystalloids that leads to the formation of crystals
• Diagnosis of UTI


  urine dipstick - protein, blood, wbc

  culture and sensitivity
• UTI nursing care


  pain scoring

  monitor vital parameters and urine output

  frequent toileting opportunities

  prevent urine scald

  ensure water intake

  hygiene
• Obstructive FLUTD clinical signs


  non-productive straining

  vocalisations

  lethargy

  vomiting

  slow heart rate
• Diagnosis of urolithiasis 


  urinalysis - sediments, pH

  imaging - ultrasound/radiography

  stone analysis
• Medical dissolution

  a treatment method that reduces the risk of bladder suture-induced urolith reoccurrence after a cystotomy
• Urethrotomy

  a temporary procedure that bypasses the penile urethra when a disease is preventing urination
• Tenesmus


  difficulty passing faeces
• Clinical signs of neoplasia


  palpable caudal abdominal mass

  signs of UTI

  PUPD

  tenesmus
• Treatment of neoplasia


  complete cure is difficult so the aim is to reduce growth and relieve signs

  surgery to relieve urinary obstruction

  chemotherapy
• Treatment of obstructive FLUTD


  pain relief

  IVFT

  antibiotics

  spasmolytics

  monitor urine output
• Spasmolytics

  help relax the urethra
• Treatment of incontinence


  treat underlying cause

  medication

  surgery for ectopic ureters

  prevent urine scalding

  plenty of toilet breaks
• Diagnosis of neoplasia


  palpate abdominal mass

  urinalysis - not cytocentesis due to risk of shedding/seeding

  imaging - ultrasound/contrast radiography

  biopsy
• Emergency treatment of obstructive FLUTD


  baseline blood tests

  stabilisation of electrolyte imbalances prior to GA

  catheterise to relieve obstruction - often left in-situ
• Clinical signs of incontinence


  wetting the bed

  dripping urine when walking

  urine scalding

  malodour
• Cytocentesis

  insertion of a needle through the abdomen and bladder to collect urine
• Neoplasia

  the presence or formation of a new, abnormal growth of tissues

  tumour most commonly found in bladder
• Nursing care of incontinence


  monitor clinical signs

  maintain good hygiene - bedding, barrier creams, grooming

  allow plenty of toileting opportunities

  owner support
• Incontinence

  the inability to control urination

  neurogenic - nervous reason, spinal cord injury/disease

  non-neurogenic - ectopic ureters
• Ectopic ureter

  abnormality of the ureter where the ureter does not enter into the urinary bladder in the correct anatomic position