Liver

• Where is the liver located

  Below the diaphragm
• How is the liver connected to the gall bladder

  Via thee cystic duct
• How is bile secreted into the duodenum

  It is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

  It travels via the common bile duct.
• How many lobes does the liver have

  2
• Where does the gall bladder sit

  At the bottom of the right liver lobe
• Describe the blood supply to the liver

  Oxygenated blood enters via the hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood leaves via the inferior vena cava.

  The hepatic portal vein brings nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. Then drains into the hepatic vein and into the inferior vena cava.
• What is the portal triad in a liver lobule

  It consists of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct.
• What is the sinusoid in the liver

  It regulates blood flow in the liver.
• What are kupffer cells in the liver

  Found in the sinusoids.

  They are fixed phagocytic cells which act against bacteria and old erythrocytes.
• What are the features of bile

  Bile pigments make it appear yellow or green.

  It has a pH of 7.6 to 8.6.
• What are the components of bile

  Water.

  Bile salts and pigments.

  Cholesterol.

  Phospholipids.

  Ions.
• What separates the liver lobes

  The falciform ligament.
• What do bile salts do

  Emulsify fats to aid digestion by pancreatic lipase.

  Also aid the absorption of lipids.
• What is the main bile pigment

  Bilirubin
• How is bilirubin produced

  From the break down of red blood cells.
• Describe the breakdown of red blood cells

  The iron is recycled.

  The haem group is broken down to produce bilirubin which is metabolised by bacteria to produce stercobilin.
• Why are faeces brown

  Haem is broken down into bilirubin, which is metabolised by bacteria into stercobilin. This is a brown pigment excreted in the urine.
• Where is vitamin D activated

  Liver
• What are the main metabolism performed by the liver

  Carbohydrate, lipid and protein.
• where is glycogen stored

  liver
• Where is retinol stored and made

  liver
• Which cells in the liver are involved in metabolism

  Hepatocytes
• What metabolisms take place in the absorptive state of the liver

  Anabolism. Glycogenesis. Lipogenesis.
• What metabolism take place in the post absorptive state

  Glycogenolysis. Gluconeogenesis [Prolonged state]. Catabolism. Lipolysis.
• Describe glycognenesis

  It takes place in the hepatocytes during the absorptive state.

  After eating plasma glucose levels rise and insulin stimulates the conversion of glucose into glycogen.
• Describe glycogenolysis

  It takes place in the hepatocytes during the post-absorptive state.

  Plasma glucose levels decrease and glucagon or adrenaline stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose.
• Describe the prolonged post-absorptive state

  The glycogen stores have run out.

  Stimulated by cortisol and glucagon.

  Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid, which is converted to pyruvate and glucose.

  Amino acids can be converted to pyruvate and then glucose.

  Glycerol is produced from the lipolysis of triglycerides. Then converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and then glucose.
• what does lipid metabolism do

  Makes triglycerides from lipogensis.

  Produces fatty acids and glycerol from lipolysis.

  PRoduces bile salts and cholesterol.
• Describe lipogenesis

  It takes place in the hepatocytes during the absorptive state.

  Insulin stimulates the conversion of glucose and amino acids into glycerol and fatty acids which produce triglycerides.
• Describe lipolysis

  It takes place in the hepatocytes during the post-absorptive state.

  Stimulated by adrenaline, cortisol and noradrenaline.

  Triglycerides are converted to fatty acids and glycerol.

  Glycerol is metabolised into pyruvate and acetyl CoA.

  Fatty acid catabolism via beta oxidation produces acetyl CoA.

  Acetyl CoA is metabolised into ketone bodies which are used in the kreb's cycle to produce ATP.
• Describe catabolism

  Takes place in hepatocytes during the post-absorptive state to produce energy.

  Deamination of amino acids produces Urea.

  Amino acids can be used to make glucose, fatty acids or ketone bodies.

  Fatty acids are converted to ketone bodies.

  Ketone bodies are used in the kreb's cycle.
• Describe anabolism

  Takes place in hepatocytes during the absorptive state.

  Produces plasma proteins.