ANIMAL AND PLANT CLASSIFICATION

• CAROLUS LINNAEUS- proposed the hierarchical classification system
• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE- refers to the two-name classification system used to organize living things
• TAXONOMY- branch of biology that focus on describing, naming, and classifying organisms
• SYSTEMATICS- the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time
• PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION - the type of classification that reflects the evolutionary inter relationships of organisms
• The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
• 8 HIERARCHICAL LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION Domain(broadest) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (most specific)
• Bases for grouping organisms into the eight levels of classification hierarchy: 1. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS SHARED 2. COMMON EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS 3. COMMON TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS
• KINGDOM ANIMALIA

  Animals are multicellular and eukaryotic

  Animal cells have NO CELL WALLS.

  Most members of the Animal Kingdom can move from place to place. They obtain food by eating other organisms (herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores).

  Most animals reproduce sexually but some can reproduce asexually.
• VERTEBRATE- presence of backbone
• INVERTEBRATE- absence of backbone
• CELLULAR LEVEL- The cells of the body are present in loose aggregates and together perform all the functions.
• TISSUE LEVEL-The cells of the organism unite together to form a tissue system which helps the organism to perform different functions.
• ORGAN LEVEL-The tissues combine together to form organs which perform different functions.
• ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL- The organs of an organism combine together to form different organ-systems which help in the functioning of the whole organism.
• COELOMATE– body cavity is entirely enclosed by mesoderm; mesenteries connect the mesoderm layers; organs are suspended in the coelom
• PSEUDOCOELOMATE – fluid-filled cavity is located between the endoderm and mesoderm;
• ACOELOMATE- Organisms DO NOT have any cavity
• ASYMMETRY: When the body of an organism CANNOT BE divided into two identical halves in any plane.
• RADIAL- a basic body plan in which the organism can be divided into similar halves by passing a plane at any along a central axis
• BILATERAL- a basic body plan in which the left and right sides of the organism can be divided into approximate mirror image of each other along the midline.
• DIPLOBLASTIC- Two germ layers i.e., ectoderm and endoderm give rise to the different parts of the body. In between the two layers is present a non-cellular layer known as mesoglea.
• TRIPLOBLASTIC- Three germ layers i.e., ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm give rise to the different parts of the body
• PROTOSTOMES- ‘Proto’ means first and ‘stoma’ means mouth. Thus, in protostome organisms, the development of the MOUTH in the embryo takes place FIRST followed by the anus.
• DEUTEROSTOMES- ‘Deutero’ means second, and ‘stoma’ means mouth. Thus, in deuterostome organisms, the development of the ANUS takes place FIRST and development of mouth in the embryo takes place after it.
• DEUTEROSTOMES- ‘Deutero’ means second, and ‘stoma’ means mouth. Thus, in deuterostome organisms, the development of the ANUS takes place FIRST and development of mouth in the embryo takes place after it.
• PHYLUM PORIFERA

   No tissues or organs (Colony of specialized cells)

   Skeleton made of spongin and spicules

   Water flows through the holes of their body which enables them to catch food.

   Their porous structure enables sponges, which are sessile organisms that live in water to perform essential life functions.
• PHYLUM CNIDARIA 


  • Primitive nerve net but no brain; 2-way digestive tract

  • Stinging cells to paralyze and capture food.

  • They have soft tube-like bodies with a single opening surrounded by arm-like parts called tentacles.

  • polyp – with tentacles (upward)

  • medusa – umbrella or bell-shaped with tentacles (downward)

  CLASS SCYPHOZOA – jellyfish

  CLASS ANTHOZOA – Sea anemones and corals

  CLASS HYDROZOA - hydra
• PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES 


  • flattened bodies has only one digestive opening

  • It has a sac body plan wherein the mouth serves as both mouth and anus in terms of the passageway of food.

  • Hermaphroditic organisms (possessing both male and female reproductive organs, structures, or tissue)
• PHYLUM NEMATODA

  • rounded bodies; covered with tough cuticles; separate sexes

  • some live in damp places and others can also live inside humans and other animals as parasites
• PHYLUM ANNELIDA • bodies are divided in segments, or sections, prefer burrowing through moist soil • With moist body to keep them from drying out and equipped with bristles allowing them to move easily
• PHYLUM ANNELIDA

  • bodies are divided in segments, or sections, prefer burrowing through moist soil

  • With moist body to keep them from drying out and equipped with bristles allowing them to move easily
• PHYLUM MOLLUSKA

  • has a hard shell, a rough tongue, and a muscular foot.

  • Three Groups

  GASTROPOD- most diverse (ex: snails, slugs)

  BIVALVE (ex: clams, mussels)

  CEPHALOPOD (ex: octopus, squid)
• PHYLUM ARTHROPODA


  Segmented bodies, Jointed appendages, External skeleton
• CLASS INSECTA


  • 3 pairs of legs
  • Bodies divided into three sections
  • Often have wings
• CLASS INSECTA


  • cricket
  • grasshopper
  • flies
• CLASS ARACHNIDA


  • 4 pairs of legs
  • Bodies divided into two sections
• CLASS CRUSTACEA


  • 5 pairs of legs
  • First pair often used as pinchers
  • Bodies covered in shell
• CLASS DIPLOPODA


  • Typically two pairs of legs per body segment
• CLASS DIPLOPODA


  • millipedes