ANSCI 1100- A&P Part 2 #2

• White Blood Cells (leucocytes)


  Nucleated cells capable of independent movement
• Classification of WBC


  • Granulocytes - contains granular material within their cytoplasm
  • Agranulocytes - has very little granular material in their cytoplasm

  
• Granulocytes


  • Neutrophils - highly phagocytic and increase in number during acute bacterial infections
  • Eosinophils - become numerous during parasitism
  • Basophils - similar to mast cell and are enhanced during allergic reactions

  
• Agranulocytes


  • Monocytes - largest leucocytes, involved in phagocytosis and increased in number during chronic infection
  • Lymphocytes - involved in immune responses

  
• Leucopenia


  Decrease in the number of white blood cells
• Leucocytosis

  Increase in the number of white blood cells
• Platelets (thrombocytes)


  Cells responsible for blood clotting
• Thrombus


  A clot that remained fixed in the lumen of the blood vessel
• Embolus


  A clot that floats freely in the bloodstream
• Fluid Elements of Blood

  • Plasma
  • Serum
• Plasma


  Liquid part, 92% is water, provides the medium of exchange between the blood vessels and the cells of the body
• Serum


  Fluid that remains after the blood has clotted
• Nervous system


  • Responsible for collecting information about what is happening inside (internal environment), as well as outside (external environment), the body
  • Communicates with all parts of the body via electrical signals
• Components of Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Neuron


  Highly specialized cells that respond to stimuli and produce an impulse and transmit that information to distance site
• Neuron (Nerve Cell)


  • Receive, process and respond to stimuli
  • Consists of the cell body, dendrite and axon
  • Dendrite - conducts impulses toward the body cell
  • Axon (nerve fiber) - conducts impulses away from the body cell
• Synapse


  The continuity from one neuron to the next is provided by the synapse. It is the point of contact between the neurons.
• Division of Brain


  • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain
• Spinal Cord


  The direct continuation of the brain into the vertebral canal, structurally similar to the brain, being surrounded by meninges
• Exterior of the udder


  • Udder, skin gland not connected with abdominal cavity
  • Udder contains large amount of secretory tissues and small amount of connective tissue
• Supporting system


  • Median and lateral suspensory ligaments
  • Fibrous elastic connective tissue
• Mammary glands


  The distinguishing characteristics of all mammals, classified as exocrine glands, modified skin glands secrete milk for the nourishment of the young
• Lactation


  The production of milk by the mammary gland in mammals like cattle, sheep, swine, horse, goats, buffaloes and rabbits
• Milk production


  • Milk is made and secreted by the single layer of cells in the alveoli
  • Precursor for milk is the plasma from the blood where large blood vessels can be seen in the udder
• Duct and secretory system


  • Teat
  • Teat cistern
  • Sphincter muscles
  • Gland cistern
  • Secretory tissue
• Alveolus


  • Tiny structure resembling a balloon, lined with simple layer of epithelial cells (active in milk secretion)
  • The number of alveoli is highly correlated with the production capacity
• Endocrine gland


  Ductless, produces hormones that travel in the blood stream to affect distant target organs
• Hormones


  Chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands
• Anterior Pituitary Secretes


  • Growth or Somatotrophic Hormone (STH) - growth and cell reproduction
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - growth of ovum in the ovary
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - ovulation in female and production of testosterone in male
  • Prolactin - synthesis of milk
  • Thyrotropic Hormone (TTH) - production of thyroxine
  • Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) - regulate levels of cortisol
  • Cortisol - primary stress hormone and increases sugar in the blood
• Posterior pituitary gland hormones


  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - conserve fluid volume in the body by acting on the kidneys
  • Oxytocin - lactation and giving birth
• Intermediate lobe


  Melanophore hormones - color adaptation of animals
• Adrenal Glands hormones


  • Glucocorticoids - gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose)
  • Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone, salt and water balance (absorption of salt in the kidneys)
  • Adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine) - fight and flight hormone, neurotransmitter for visceral organ, maximize blood glucose levels
• Thyroid gland hormones


  • Thyroxine - regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism (chemical reactions in a living organism)
  • Calcitonin - decrease blood calcium level
• Parathyroid gland hormone


  Parathormone - increase blood calcium concentration
• Pancreas (Lapay) hormones


  • Insulin - store glucose in your liver, fat, and muscles as glycogen
  • Glucagon - converts glycogen to glucose
• Hormones from the Testis


  • Testosterone - sexual development in male and sperm production
• Hormones from the Ovaries

  • Estrogen (Ovarian follicles) - sexual development in male, heat or estrus for sexual receptivity in female animals
  • Progesterone (corpus luteum) - pregnancy hormone
  • Relaxin - preparation for parturition (widening of cervix)
• Special senses


  • Visual system - eyes (sight)
  • Olfactory system - nose (smell)
  • Auditory system - ears (hearing and balance)
  • Gustatory system - tongue (taste)