PERDEV

• Erik Erikson


  Contributed to the field of psychology with his Psychosocial Developmental Theory
• Psychosocial


  The interplay between our inner, emotional lives (psycho), and our outer, social circumstances (social)
• Erik Erikson, like Sigmund Freud, believes that an individual develops in stages
• Eight stages of psychosocial development

  • Trust vs. Mistrust (from birth to 1 year old)
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (from 1 to 3 years old)
  • Initiative vs. Guilt (from 3 to 5 years old)
  • Industry vs. Inferiority (from 6 to 11 years old)
  • Identity vs. Confusion (12 to 18 years old)
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 to 35 years old)
  • Generativity vs. Stagnation (35 to 55 years old)
  • Integrity vs. Despair (55 years old onwards)
• Trust vs. Mistrust (from birth to 1 year old)


  An infant is dependent on other people. During this stage, the development of a sense of trust is based on one's dependability on his/her parents. If not, the child will be afraid to get hurt emotionally and his/her psychosocial development will slow down.
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (from 1 to 3 years old)


  Toddlers have to discover the world on their own, they will develop a sense of autonomy. However, when parents are too restraining or too wary to their children, they begin to doubt their abilities. Children who completed this stage feel more secure and confident, but for those who did not, they are said to have hesitations on themselves.
• Initiative vs. Guilt (from 3 to 5 years old)


  Children at this stage need to develop a sense of initiative. They should be able to make small decisions on their own such as what activity to do or how to finish a task. Parents should encourage them to develop a sense of independence. If not, they may learn to feel guilt and again, may bring down their self-esteem.
• Industry vs. Inferiority (from 6 to 11 years old)


  If children are encouraged, they will develop a sense of industry - a motivation to keep learning and practicing. Children who are not encouraged to work hard about learning new skills will feel inferior and unmotivated.
• Identity vs. Confusion (12 to 18 years old)


  During this stage, you are entering the stage of adolescence whose primary concern is to find a personal identity. Adolescents may even experiment with many identities and express it with the type of music that they listen to, the style of clothing that they wear or the kind of friends that they hang out with. If at this stage you are unable to commit to an identity, or regret the identity that you have chosen, you may experience role confusion in the form of an identity crisis.
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 to 35 years old)


  Once the sense of identity is developed in the previous stage, the child now is ready to have a good relationship with the opposite sex. If one cannot find such relationship or have experienced being heartbroken, a sense of isolation develops. He/she would prefer to be alone all the time because he/she is avoiding pain and hurt.
• Generativity vs. Stagnation (35 to 55 years old)


  The successful completion of the resolution from the previous stage makes a person more productive at this stage. At work, a person is successful and he/she is able to provide for the family. But when a person isolated himself/herself in the previous stage, then there is a tendency for him/her to be stagnant or inactive at this stage because of the inability to do anything but to be dull in his/her life.
• Integrity vs. Despair (55 years old onwards)


  Adults at this stage feel content if they look back at their lives knowing that they have been productive and happy. He or she is ready to die because he/she has achieved so much by this time. However, if the person is unable to overcome the conflicts at the earlier stages of his life, there is fear of death knowing that there is still so much to accomplish but they have just wasted their time.
• According to Robert Havighurst (1984), each developmental task plays a significant factor in the overall sense of self of an adolescent, which they carry with them as they move toward and into young adulthood.
• Developmental tasks for adolescents (according to Ingersoll)


  • Adjust to a new physical sense of self
  • Adjust to new intellectual abilities
  • Adjust to increased cognitive demands at school
  • Develop expanded verbal skills
  • Develop a personal sense of identity
  • Establish adult vocational goals
  • Establish emotional and psychological independence from his or her parents
  • Develop stable and productive peer relationships
  • Learn to manage her or his sexuality
  • Adopt a personal value system
• Anxiety and stress are common issues faced by adolescents, and they need to be addressed through self-care and seeking support from others.
• Adolescents often face pressure in school, relationships, and from peers, which can lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms like drinking, smoking, and drug use.
• Adolescents may also struggle with issues related to their physical appearance, leading to eating disorders and a constant need to look good.
• Addiction to social media and uncertainty about the future can also contribute to depression and other mental health issues in adolescents.
• Adolescents need support, self-care, and open communication with family and friends to overcome these challenges and develop a healthy sense of self.
• The family is the basic unit of society.