APHUGO Big Ideas Review

• Types of Maps

  • Reference maps
  • Thematic maps

  
• Cartogram

  This type of map distorts land areas to show the change of a value
• Choropleth

  This type of map uses different colors/shades to show the change of a value

  
• Dot

  This type of map uses the amount of dots to represent the value. So, the more dots in an area the higher that value
• Graduated Symbol

  This type of map uses the size of a symbol to represent the value. As the size of the symbol increases so does the value, as the size of the symbol decreases so does the value
• Isoline

  This type of map uses lines to connect areas that share a particular value
• Spatial Patterns


  • Absolute distance
  • Relative distance
  • Absolute direction
  • Relative direction
  • Clustering
  • Dispersal
  • Elevation
• Absolute distance

  Distance that can be counted using a standard unit of a precise measurement
• Absolute direction


  Using North, South, East, and West (the Cardinal Directions) to understand maps

  
• Relative distance


  Distance that cannot be counted using a standard unit of measurement, it is imprecise
• Relative direction


  Imprecise terms used to describe direction: left/right and up/down are examples
• Clustering


  When similar people or items are grouped close
• Dispersal


  The spacing of people or items within geographic population barriers
• Elevation


  The altitude of a place above sea level or ground

  
• All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction

  
• Map Projections

  2D to represent 3D objects or any method used to represent the world in 2D

  
• Robinson Projection


  • Globe-like "real-like", accurately shows most sizes, distances, and shapes
  • Less accurate at the poles, imprecise measurements, cannot be used for navigation
• Mercator Projection


  • Shows true direction, good for navigation, 90° angles & straight lines of longitude & latitude
  • Distorts area (Greenland & Africa shouldn't be about the same size), areas get larger with latitude, size is distorted a lot in the poles
• Gall-Peters Projection

  • Shows true direction, area is relatively accurate, not much distortion of continents (land size is preserved)
  • Continents look elongated, distorts Oceans, distorts shape
• Polar (Azimuthal) Projections


  • Shown from the north pole, no country is in center, preserves direction, distances from the center (poles) are preserved
  • Distorts parallels of latitude, distorts shape & area, only shows 1/2 of the earth

  
• Geospatial and geographical data, including census data and satellite imagery, are used at all scales for personal, business and organizational, and governmental decision making purposes
• Government uses of geographic data


  • Mapping flu activity by state to better prevent infection
  • Mapping where homelessness is at its highest to determine optimal shelter locations and potential causes for homelessness
• Business uses of geographic data


  • Demographics of an area determine marketing strategies
  • Insurance companies use floodplain maps to determine insurance rates
• Personal uses of geographic data

  • Crime rates and walkability in a neighborhood determine where people want to live
  • Housing prices in a neighborhood helps you decide how much to sell your house for
• Organizational uses of geographic data

  • Mapping Native American lands
  • During natural disasters, victims used apps to communicate their location and needs to rescuers (food, water, etc.)
• Geospatial Data


  Time-based data related to a specific location on Earth's surface
• Government uses of geospatial data


  • Manage programs and evaluate policy outcomes
  • Integrate diverse data to operationalize solutions
• Business uses of geospatial data


  • Allows business to know their influence on community compared to competitors
  • Helps businesses improve logistics and utilize better delivery routes
• Personal uses of geospatial data


  • Identify patterns, assess emerging trends, make data-driven decisions
• Organizational uses of geospatial data


  • Empowers organizations to look at value creation in a different light
• GIS


  Geospatial data: time-based data related to a specific location on Earth's surface

  
• Uses of GIS


  • Determine insurance rates
  • Crime rates and walkability in a neighborhood determine where people want to live
  • Housing prices in a neighborhood helps you decide how much to sell your house for
  • Manage programs and evaluate policy outcomes
  • Integrate diverse data to operationalize solutions
  • Allows business to know their influence on community compared to competitors
  • Helps businesses improve logistics and utilize better delivery routes
  • Identify patterns, assess emerging trends, make data-driven decisions
  • Empowers organizations to look at value creation in a different light
• Methods of GIS Data Collection


  • Census Data (demographics, population, income)
  • Remote Sensing (satellite imagery)
  • OpenStreetMap: Map-making network; Acquires data on places around the world
• Spatial concepts


  Absolute and relative location, space, place, flows, distance decay, time-space compression, and pattern
• Thinking geographically


  Analyzing how people/things are arranged in space- the area between two things on Earth
• Density


  The number of things in a given area (of land); urban areas have a higher density than rural areas
• Pattern


  The way things (people) are arranged in a place
• Absolute location


  The exact location of a point/object; normally expressed by coordinates
• Relative location


  Describing where a place is in relation to other places/physical features
• Site


  The absolute location/physical characteristics of a place- landforms, climate, resources