Pre-colonial Period

• Philippine Civilization partly came from the Malay settlers and partly from their response to the new environment
• Male Attire

  • Kanggan
  • Bahag
  • Putong
• Kanggan

  -          Sleeveless jacket

  -          Color indicates the rank

  -          Chief (Red); Commoners (Black or Blue)
• Bahag

  -          Loincloth
• Putong

  -          Turban

  -          Tell the social status/achievement of the individual wearing it
• Female Attire

  • Baro or Camisa
  • Saya or Patadyong
  • tapis
• Baro or Camisa

  -          Jacket with Sleeves
• Saya or Patadyong

  -          Long Skirt
• Tapis

  -          Piece of red or white cloth on top of skirt
• Ornaments

  -          Men and women wore ornaments to look attractive

  -          Both wear kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, and leglets

  -          Made of gold

  -          Some wore gold fillings between the teeth
• Tattoos

  -          Fashionable for some pre-colonial Filipinos

  -          Exhibit a man’s war record
• ·         Islas del Pintados

  -          Term coined by the Spaniards for the Visayans
• Houses

  -          Built to suit the tropical climate

  -          Kalingas, Mandayas and Bagobos built their houses on treetops

  -          Badjaos built their houses on boats
• Bahay Kubo

  -          Made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm

  -          Was built on stilts and can be entered through ladders that can be drawn up
• Social Classes

  • Nobles
  • Mahadlika or Maharlika
  • Alipin
• Nobles

  -          Made up of the datu and their families

  -          Members of the nobility were addressed with the title Gat or Lakan among the Tagalogs
• Madhadlika or Maharlika

  -          Freemen
• Alipin

  -          Dependents

  -          Acquired their status by inheritance, captivity, purchase, failure to settle debts, or by committing a crime

  ·         Aliping Namamahay

  ·         Aliping Sagigilid
• Status of Women

  -          Women in pre-colonial Philippine society had the right to inherit property, engage in trade and industry, and succeed to the chieftainship of the barangay in the absence of a male heir

  -          Had the exclusive right to name their children

  -          Men walked behind them as a sign of respect
• men

  • monogamous
• Wives

  • Asawa
• Concubines – Friends
• In order to win the hand of his lade, the man has to show his patience and dedication to both the lady and her parents
• Courtship usually begins with paninilbihan
• If the man wins the trust of the parents, he does not immediately marry the woman, but he has to satisfy several conditions:

  1.      Give a dowry or bigay-kaya

  2.      Pay the panghihimuyat

  3.      Pay the wet nurse bigay-suso

  4.      Pay the parents himaraw

  5.      Bribe for the relatives called sambon (among the Zambals
• Pamamalae/Pamamanhikan/Pamumulungan

  -          Once he had settled all of the above requirements, he brings his parents to meet with the bride-to-be’s parents to haggle and make the final arrangements
• Babaylan

  weddings officiated by the priestess
• Uncooked rice

  thrown on the couple after the wedding ceremony
• Muslim Filipinos have similar marriage customs

  1.      Pananalanguni or bethrothal – first stage

  2.      Consultation with the girl’s parents, who relays their decision to the village chief, who in turn informed the suitor’s parents of the decision
• Pedsungud

  dowry was also settled by the chief.
• Pedsungud – dowry was also settled by the chief.

  Seven Kinds:

  1.      Kawasateg – Money given to the bride’s close relatives

  2.      Siwaka – Brassware given to those who helped arrange the wedding

  3.      Enduatuan – brassware or animals for the village chief

  4.      Pangatulian – jewelry given to the girl’s mother and aunts

  5.      Tatas – blade given to the girl’s uncle

  6.      Langkad – money given to the girl’s parnts as fine for having bypassed the girl’s elder sister if she had any

  Lekat – amount of money given to the girl’s attendant
• Kawasateg – Money given to the bride’s close relatives
• Siwaka

  Brassware given to those who helped arrange the wedding
• Enduatuan

  brassware or animals for the village chief
• Pangatulian

  jewelry given to the girl’s mother and aunts
• Tatas

  blade given to the girl’s uncle
• Langkad

  money given to the girl’s parents as fine for having bypassed the girl’s elder sister if she had any
• amount of money given to the girl’s attendant

  Lekat
• Mixed Marriages, Inheritance and Succession

  -          Mixed marriages were allowed in pre-colonial society

  -          The status of children were dependent upon the status of the parents

  -          The status of children in mixed marriages is divided evenly between the parents

  -          Single children of mixed marriage were half-free and half-dependent
• Mixed Marriages, Inheritance and Succession

  -          Legitimate children inherited their parents’ property even without any written will and was divided equally among the children

  -          Natural children inherited only a third of the inheritance of legitimate children

  -          Children of dependent mothers are given freedom and a few things